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¼º¹®±âº»¿µ¾î Á¤¸® |
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Ù£ Þò (Noun) ¥°
1. ¸í»çÀÇ Á¾·ù: °íÀ¯, º¸Åë, ÁýÇÕ, ¹°Áú, Ãß»ó¸í»ç
¨ç ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸í»ç : ´Ü,º¹¼ö °¡´É
many, few·Î ¼ö½Ä. º¸Åë, ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç.
¨è ¼¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸í»ç : ´Ü,º¹¼ö ¾øÀ½.
much, little ÀÌ ¼ö½Ä. ¹°Áú, °íÀ¯, Ãß»ó¸í»ç.
2. Á¾Á· ´ëÇ¥ : ¾î¶² Á¾Á·ÀÇ Àüü.
¨ç A(an) + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç.(´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö)
A horse is a useful animal.
¨è The + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç. (´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö)
The horse is a useful animal.
¨é º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç. (´ëÇ¥º¹¼ö)
Horse are useful animal.
3. The + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç = Ãß»ó¸í»ç
* The pen is mightier than the sword.
4. ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç¿Í ±ºÁý¸í»ç
* The audience was a large one.
* The audience were deeply impressed
±ºÁý¸í»ç:º¹¼öµ¿»ç were, °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ±íÀº °¨¸í.
¡Þ ÇϳªÀÇ ÁýÇÕü : ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç
°³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î Ãë±Þ : ±ºÁý¸í»ç ¡æ º¹¼öµ¿»ç
5. consist of
* My class consist of sixty students.
is composed of
is made up of
comprises ¡æ Ÿµ¿»çÀ̹ǷΠof »ç¿ë ¸øÇÔ.
= ¡À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ´Ù.
6. Ç×»ó º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞµÇ´Â ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç
¨ç PoliceÇü
* The police (°æÂûµé) ¡æ a policeman (°æÂû ÇÑ»ç¶÷)
The clergy (¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé) ¡æ a clergyman (¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ)
The nobility (±ÍÁ·µé) ¡æ a nobleman (±ÍÁ·)
The peasantry (³ó¹Îµé) ¡æ a peasant (³ó¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷)
¡æ ¡µîÀÇ ÁýÇÕ ¸í»ç´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»çµµ ¸ø ºÙÀÌ°í º¹¼öÇüÀ¸·Îµµ
¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç º¸Åë the¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²¿© º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ.
¨è CattleÇü
: Cattle, People, Poultry, verminÀº ´ÜÁö ¾à°£ ¼öÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀ̸ç, ÁýÇÕ
ÀÇ ÇÑ°è°¡ ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î °ü»çµµ ¾ÈºÙ°í º¹¼öÇüµµ ¾øÀÌ ±×´ë·Î º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ
µÇ¾î º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
* Cattle are grazing in the pasture
¡Þpart, portion, half, the rest, the majority, most, the bulk µî
Àº µÚ¿¡¿À´Â ¸»¿¡ µû¶ó ±× ¼ö°¡ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù.
* The rest of the boys are playing baseball.
¨é FamilyÇü
Nation, Army, People, Party µîÀº ÁýÇÕÀÇ ÇÑ°è°¡ ¸í·áÇϸç, ¶ÇÇÑ
ÁýÇÕü¸¦ ´ÜÀ§·Î ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´Ü,º¹¼ö °¡´É.
¡Þ many people (¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé), some people (¾î¶² »ç¶÷µé)ó·³
peopleÀÌ "»ç¶÷µé"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î¼ ±ºÁý¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÏ
¸ç º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯³ª peopleÀÌ ±¹¹Î, ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¶æ
À¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç·Î ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
* many people = ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé. many peoples = ¸¹Àº ¹ÎÁ·µé.
people = »ç¶÷µé (±ºÁý) a peoples = ÇϳªÀÇ ¹ÎÁ· (ÁýÇÕ)
two people = µÎ°³ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µé (ÁýÇÕ)
7. ÁýÇÕÀû ¹°Áú¸í»ç
* furniture(°¡±¸), clothing(ÀÇ·ù), merchandise(»óÇ°), produce(³ó»ê¹°),
game(»ç³É°¨), baggage(¼ÒÆ÷).
À§ÀÇ ´Ü¾î´Â ¹°°ÇÀÇ ÁýÇÕüÀÌÁö¸¸ ¾çÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¹°Áú ¸í»ç·Î Ãë±Þ.
¡Þ ÁýÇÕÀû ¹°Áú¸í»ç´Â
¨çºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a, anÀ» ºÙÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. (¹°Áú¸í»çÀ̹ǷÎ)
¨èÇ×»ó ´Ü¼öÃë±ÞÀ» ÇϹǷΠ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç
¨é¾çÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â much, little·Î ¼ö½Ä
¨êÇϳª, µÑ ¼¿ ¶§ ¡æ a piece of ¡ , an article of ¡
8. ¹°Áú¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»çÈ
¨çÁ¦Ç°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
* Glass is apt to break. À¯¸®¡æ¹°Áú¸í»ç
* He has a glass in his hand. À¯¸®Àܡ溸Åë¸í»ç
+- paper(Á¾ÀÌ) ¡æ ¹°Áú +- copper(±¸¸®) ¡æ ¹°Áú
+- the paper(¼·ù, ½Å¹®) ¡æ º¸Åë +- a copper(µ¿ÀüÇÑ´Ø) ¡æ º¸Åë
¨è±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °³Ã¼
* The bridge is built of stone. µ¹ ¡æ ¹°Áú
* The boy picked up a stone. µ¹¸æÀÌ ¡æ º¸Åë
¨éÁ¾·ù¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
* Wine is made from grapes. ¼ú ¡æ ¹°Áú
* This is a good wine for health. ÁÁÀº ¼ú ¡æ º¸Åë
* They sell various wines at that store. ¿©·¯°¡Áö ¼ú ¡æ º¸Åë
¨ê»ç°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§ (±¸Ã¼Àû Çö»ó)
* Fire burns wood. ºÒ ¡æ ¹°Áú¸í»ç
* They was a fire last night. ÈÀç ¡æ º¸Åë
¨ë¹°Áú¸í»ç°¡ ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§´Â Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
* Water is turned into steam by heat. ¡æ ¹°Áú¸í»ç
* The water in this glass is not good to drink. (À¯¸®ÀÜ ¼Ó¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ¹°)
9. °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»çÈ
¨ç±¹¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷, °¡Á·, ¡ÀÇ Áý¾È »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶§
* He is a swiss. ½ºÀ§½º »ç¶÷.
* His father is a Lincoln. ¸µÄÁ °¡¹®ÀÇ »ç¶÷.
* The Bakers loved to entertain others. º£ÀÌÄ¿¾¾ ºÎºÎ.
¡ÞThe + °íÀ¯¸í»ç º¹¼öÇü : Baker¾¾ ÀÏ°¡Á·
Baker¾¾ ºÎºÎ.
¨è ¡¶ó´Â »ç¶÷ (a certain)ÀÇ ¶æ.
* A Mr. Lee called you up in your absence.
¨éÁ¦Ç°,ÀÛÇ°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
* He bought a Ford. Æ÷µå ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ÇÑ´ë.
* There are two Rembrandts in the gallery. µÎÁ¡ÀÇ ·½ºê·±Æ® ÀÛÇ°.
¨ê ¡°ú °°Àº »ç¶÷, »ç¹°(¼ºÁúÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿)À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
* A Newton cannot become a Shakespeare.
* He is the Newton of the age. Çü¿ë»ç±¸. (´ç´ëÀÇ)
¡Þ°íÀ¯¸í»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç±¸°¡ ¿Í¼ ¼ö½ÄÀÌ µÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç
a, an ´ë½Å ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
10. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»ç ¹× ÁýÇÕ¸í»çÈ
: Á¾·ù, ±¸Ã¼ÀûÇൿ, ¾î¶² ¼ºÁúÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
* He was wild in his youth. Ãß»ó(ûÃá½ÃÀý)
* He is an ambitious youth. û³â - º¸Åë¸í»ç.
* Youth should respect age. ÀþÀºÀÌ - ÁýÇÕ. ´ÄÀºÀ̵é.
* She has beauty and intelligence. ̧ȗ.
* She was once a beauty. ¹ÌÀÎ - º¸Åë.
* The beauty of the scenery is beyond description.
¡Þof the scenery ¶ó´Â Çü¿ë»ç±¸¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÇ¹Ç·Î The beauty.
* Happiness consists in contentment. ̧ȗ.
* I now have the happiness of being with you.
¢¿Çü¿ë»ç±¸·Î ¼ö½ÄµÇ¹Ç·Î the happiness.
ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ÇູÀ̹ǷΠthe happiness.
11. ¹°Áú¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö·®Ç¥½Ã
* a piece of bread : »§ ÇÑÁ¶°¢. * a glass of milk : ¿ìÀ¯ ÇÑ.ÀÜ
slice toast : Å佺Ʈ ÇÑÁ¶°¢. water : ¹° ÇÑÀÜ.
* a lump of sugar : ¼³ÅÁ Çѵ¢¾î¸®. * a shoal of fish : ¹°°í±â ÇѸ¶¸®.
pound : ¼³ÅÁ ÇÑÆÄ¿îµå. school
spoonful : ¼³ÅÁ ÇѼý°¡¶ô.
* two cups of coffee : Ä¿ÇÇ µÎÀÜ. * a shower of rain : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ¼Ò³ª±â.
* three cakes of soap : ºñ´© ÇÑÀå. * a bolt of thunder : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ÃµµÕ¼Ò¸®.
* a sheet of paper : Á¾ÀÌ ÇÑÀå. * a flash of lightning: ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ¹ø°¹ºÒ.
* a roar of laughter : ÇѹÙÅÁ ¿ôÀ½. * a piece of chalk : ºÐÇÊ ÇÑÁ¶°¢.
¡Þshower [ au ]: ¼Ò³ª±â. »þ¿ö.
[ ou ]: º¸ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷. º¸ÀÌ´Â ¹°°Ç.
12. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö·®Ç¥½Ã
* a piece of information. (good luck, advice)
ÇÑÆíÀÇ Á¤º¸. (ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ Çà¿î, ÇѸ¶µðÀÇ Ãæ°í)
* a piece of news : ´º½º ÇÑÆí.
* a piece of fully : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ¿ìµÐÇÑ Áþ. * several cases of theft : ¸î°ÇÀÇ Àýµµ.
* a bit of nonsense : ÇѸ¶µðÀÇ ÇãÆ°¼Ò¸®. * a stroke of luck : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ Çà¿î.
13. Of + Ãß»ó¸í»ç = Çü¿ë»ç±¸
* a man of ability = an able man. * a man of use = a useful man.
* a man of wisdom = a wise man. * a man of sense = a sensible man.
* a man of learning = a learned man. * of use = useful, of valuable = valuable,
* a man of experience = an experienced man.
* of experience = experienced, of importance = important.
14. ÀüÄ¡»ç + Ãß»ó¸í»ç = ºÎ»ç±¸
* with ease = easily : ½±°Ô. * in succession = successively : ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î.
* with kindness = kindly : Ä£ÀýÇÏ°Ô. * in reality = really : »ç½Ç»ó.
* with fluency = fluently : À¯Ã¢ÇÏ°Ô. * in haste = hastily : ±ÞÈ÷.
* with safety = safely. * in earnest = earnestly : ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô.
* with care = carefully. * by accident = accidentally : ¿ì¿¬È÷.
* with patience = patiently. * to perfection = perfectly : ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô.
* with rapidity = rapidly : À绡¸®. * on purpose = purposely : °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î.
* without doubt : ÀǽÉÇÒ¹Ù¾øÀÌ. * on occasion = occasionally : ¶§¶§·Î.
* without hesitation : ÁÖÀúÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í.
15. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ °ü¿ë¾î¹ý
* He is kindness itself.--+ Ãß»ó¸í»ç + itself
all kindness | = all + Ãß»ó¸í»ç
very kind | = very, extremely + Çü¿ë»ç.
extremely kind --+ ( ¸Å¿ì ¡ ÇÑ)
±×´Â ¸Å¿ì Ä£ÀýÇÏ´Ù.
16. An angel of a wife
* She is an angel of a wife.(of-µ¿°Ý, ÀüÄ¡»ç¿Í °°Àº ¾Æ³»,
an angelic wife. of ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a)
that fool of a ¡ = that foolish ¡
a saint of a ¡ = a saintly ¡
a devil of a ¡ = a devilish ¡
17. Have + the + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + to do
* He had the kindness to help me. (have + the + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + to do)
= He was so kind that he helped me. (so + Çü + that + S + V)
= He was so kind as to help me. (so + Çü + as to do)
= He was kind enough to help me. (Çü + enough + to do)
= He kindly helped me. (ºÎ»ç + µ¿»ç)
18. CH. GHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½
¡Þ -CHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½Àº [t ], [k], [ ] ¼¼ Á¾·ù·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÊ.
* [t ]°¡ °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÓ.
church [t :t ] : ±³È¸. choice [t ois] : ¼±ÅÃ.
chin [t in] : ÅÎ. cheer [t i ] : ȯȣ.
chew [t u:] : ¾Ã´Ù. charity [t r ti] : ÀÚ¼±.
cheek [t i:k] : »´. mischief [mist if] : ¼ÕÇØ.
cheat [t i:t] : ¼ÓÀÌ´Ù. approach [ prout ] : Á¢±Ù.
choke [t ouk] : Áú½Ä½ÃÅ°´Ù.
* [k] ·Î ¹ßÀ½.
mechanic [mik nik] : ±â´É¾÷. christ [kraist] : ¿¹¼ö.
chaos [keias] : È¥¶õ. chronicle [kranik] : ¿¬´ë±â.
character [k rikt r] : ÀΰÝ. stomach [st m k] : À§.
ache [eik] : ÅëÁõ. monarch [man k] : ±ºÁÖ
chasm [k z m] : ºóÆ´. christmas [krism s]
chemistry [k mistri] : ÈÇÐ. psychology [saikal d ] : ½É¸®ÇÐ.
choir [kwai ] : ÇÕâ´Ü.
chorus [k :r s] : ÇÕâ.
* [ ] ·Î ¹ßÀ½.
chagrin [ grin] : ¿øÅë. machine [m i:n] :
champagne [ mpein] moustache [m st : ] : Äà¼ö¿°
chauffeur [ ouf ] : ¿îÀü¼ö. chandelier [ nd li ] : ¼§µ¨¸®¾Æ.
chivalry [ iv li] : ±â»çµµ. parachute [p r u:t] : ³«ÇÏ»ê.
¡Þ -GHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½Àº ¹¬À½À̰ųª [f], [g]·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÊ.
* ¹¬À½ÀÌ µÉ ¶§.
bough [bau] : ³ª¹µ°¡Áö. weigh [wei] : ¹«°Ô¸¦ Àç´Ù.
though [ ou] : ¡ÇÒÁö¶óµµ. thought [ :t] : »ý°¢.
dough [dou] : °¡·ç¹ÝÁ×. through [ ru:] : ¡À» ÅëÇÏ¿©.
plough [plau] : Àï±â. bought [b :t] :
* [f] ·Î ¹ßÀ½.
rough [r f] : °ÅÄ¥Àº. laugh [la:f] : ¿ô´Ù.
enough [in f] : ÃæºÐÇÑ. draught [draft] : Åëdz.
tough [t f] : ´Ü´ÜÇÑ. drought [draut] : °¡¹³.
cough [k :f] : ±âħ.
* [g]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
ghost [goust] : À¯·É. aghast [aga:st]: ³î¶õ.
19. Accent ±ÔÄ¢
¨ç´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº 2À½Àý ¾Õ¿¡ accent°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
-tion : invention, function,
-sion : occasion, confusion, decision,
¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : television.
-ian : musician, comedian.
-cial : official, especial.
-tial : presidential.
-ious : licentious.
-cience, -ciency, -cient : deficiency, sufficient.
-ity, -ety, : ability, activity, anxiety.
-sive : exclusive.
-ical : botonical, mechanical.
-ic : energetic.
¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : catholic[k lik], lunatic[lu:n tik] ,
politic[pal tik] , politics[pal tiks].
arithmetic[ rism til] : »ê¼ö.
arithmetical[ rismetikal]: »ê¼öÀÇ.
-logy : geology.
-pathy : apathy.
-graphy: geography, photography.
¡ÞÁÖÀÇ : photograph [fout gra:f]
telegraph [teligra:f]
-meter, -metry : barometer, geometry.
-nomy : astronomy.
¨è´ÙÀ½ ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº ¹Ù·Î ±× À½Àý¿¡ accent.
-ee : employee.
-eer : engineer.
-ese : chinese.
-oon : balloon.
-oo : bamboo, taboo.
¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : cuckoo[kuku:]
-esque : picturesque.
-ette : cigarette.
¨é´ÙÀ½ ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº ÀüÀü À½Àý¿¡ accent.
-ate : accurate.
-tude : solitude.
Ù£ Þò (Noun) ¥±
1. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È ¥°
¨ç¹«¼ºÀ½ [p,t,k,f, ] + s ¡æ [s]
À¯¼ºÀ½ [b,d,g,v, , ¸ðÀ½] + s ¡æ [z]
* desks [desks], beds [bedz].
¨è¾î¹Ì°¡ [s],[z],[ ],[t ],[d ] ·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÇ¸é -es¸¦ ºÙÀÌ°í [iz]·Î ¹ßÀ½ÇÔ.
* ass[ s] ¡æ asses [ siz]
dish ¡æ dishes[di iz]
breeze [bri:z] ¡æ breezes [bri:ziz]
¡ÞÁÖÀÇ : monarch[man k] ¡æ monarchs [man ks]
patriarch[peitria:k] ¡æ patriarchs [peitria:ks]:°¡Àå,Á·Àå
stomach[st m k] ¡æ stomachs[st m ks] : À§.
¡Þ¾î¹Ì°¡ -chÀÎ ´Ü¾îÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº ÁÖÀÇ.
[t ]·Î ¹ßÀ½ ¡æ -es ºÙÀÌ°í [iz]
[k ]·Î ¹ßÀ½ ¡æ -s¸¸ ºÙÀÌ°í [s]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
¨é¾î¹Ì°¡ -th·Î ³¡³ª´Â °æ¿ì
´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ths ¡æ [ s]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
myth[mi ] ¡æ myths[mi s] : ½ÅÈ.
Àå¸ðÀ½ ¶Ç´Â 2Á߸ðÀ½ + ths ¡æ [ z]
path[p : ] ¡æ paths[p z] : ±æ.
bath[ba: ] ¡æ baths[ba: z] : ¸ñ¿å.
mouth[mau ] ¡æ mouths[mau z]
¡Þmouth°¡ µ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© [mau ] : ¸Ô´Ù, ¿¬¼³ÇÏ´Ù.
bathÀÇ µ¿»çÇüÀº bathe[bei ] : ´ã±×´Ù, ¸ñ¿å½ÃÅ°´Ù.
bathing suit [bei i ][su:t] : ¼ö¿µº¹.
¡ÞÀå¸ðÀ½ + r + ths¿¡¼´Â ths°¡ [ s]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
earth[ : ] ¡æ earths[ : s]
2. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È ¥± (ÀÚÀ½ + y)
¨çÀÚÀ½ + y´Â y¸¦ i·Î °íÄ£ µÚ -es
lady ¡æ lades[- z]
¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : 1) °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÎ °æ¿ì -s¸¸ ºÙÀδÙ.
Henry ¡æ Henrys.
2) ¸ðÀ½ + y´Â -s¸¸ ºÙÀδÙ.
day ¡æ days.
3) -quy·Î ³¡³ª´Â ¸»Àº ¸ðÀ½ + yÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πº¸°í±×³É -s¸¸ ºÙ
ÀÌ¸é ¾ÈµÊ. -quy´Â ºñ·Ï ¸ðÀ½(u) + yÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀ̳ª ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ
qu[kw] À̹ǷΠÀÚÀ½ + y·Î º¸°í y¸¦ i·Î °íÄ£µÚ -es¸¦ ºÙ
ÀÓ.
soliloquy[s lil kwi] : È¥À㸻.
¡æ soliloquies[s lil kwiz]
3. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È ¥² (ÀÚÀ½ + o)
¨çÀÚÀ½ + o´Â -es¸¦ ºÙÀÎ µÚ [z]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
potato ¡æ potatoes, hero ¡æ heroes, echo ¡æ echoes.
¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : ÀÚÀ½ + o·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î Áß¿¡¼ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÙ¿©¼ µÈ ¸»
(automobile ¡æ auto)ÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº -es ´ë½Å -s¸¦ ºÙÀÓ.
piano(pianoforte) ¡æ pianos.
curio(curiosity) ¡æ curious : °ñµ¿Ç°.
4. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È ¥³ (f, fe Çü)
¨ç¾î¹Ì°¡ -f, -feÀÎ ´Ü¾î´Â f¸¦ -v·Î °íÄ£ µÚ -es¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
half[ha: f] ¡æ halves[ha: vz]
calf[ka:f] ¡æ calves[ka:vz] : ¼Û¾ÆÁö.
¡Þ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü¾î´Â -f, -fe·Î ³¡³ª´Â °æ¿ì¶óµµ -s¸¸ ºÙÀÏ °Í.
chief ¡æ chiefs, roof ¡æ roofs:ÁöºØ.
cliff ¡æ cliffs:Àýº®, dwarf ¡æ dwarfs:³ÀåÀÌ.
safe ¡æ safes:±Ý°í, grief ¡æ greifs:½½ÇÄ,ºñź.
proof ¡æ proofs:Áõ°Å, strife ¡æ strifes: ÅõÀï,½Î¿ò.
gulf ¡æ gulfs:¸¸(Çؾȿ¡¼ »ç¿ë)
¨è¹®ÀÚ, ¼ýÀÚ, ¾à¾îÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº º¸Åë 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
R ¡æ R's, 8 ¡æ 8's, M.P ¡æ M.P's
5. ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ º¯È
¨ç¸ðÀ½ÀÌ º¯ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
man - men, woman - women[wimin], foot - feet,
goose[gu:s] - geese[gi:s]:°ÅÀ§. ox - oxen,
tooth - teeth, louse[laus] - lice[lais]:ÀÌ.
¨è´Ü¼ö,º¹¼öÇüÀÌ °°Àº °æ¿ì
deer, sheep, swine[swain]:µÅÁö, trout[traut]:¼Û¾î,
salmon[s m n]:¿¬¾î, corps[k : ] ¡æ corps[k : z]:±º´Ü(¡Þ¹ßÀ½¿¡ÁÖÀÇ)
¡Þfoot "¹ß"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü ¡æ feet.
"º¸º´"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü ¡æ foot.
horse "¸»"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü ¡æ horses.
"±â¸¶º´"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü ¡æ horse.
fish°¡ ¹°°í±âÀÇ Á¾·ù ¡æ fishes.
´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô ¹°°í±â ¸¶¸®¼ö ¡æ fish.
6. ¿Ü·¡¾î º¹¼ö
¨ç -um, -onÀ¸·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº -a·Î...
datum - data, memorandum - memoranda, medium - media:Áß°£,¸Å°³Ã¼.
phenomenon - phenomena:Çö»ó,»ç°Ç.
¨è¾î¹Ì°¡ -us·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î´Â -i·Î...
stimulus - stimuli:ÀÚ±Ø, focus - foci:ÃÐÁ¡. fungus - fungi:±Õ,¹ö¼¸
¨é¾î¹Ì°¡ -sis[sis]·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº -ses[siz]·Î...
oasis[oueisis] ¡æ oases[oueisi:z], thesis[ i:sis] ¡ætheses[ i:siz]
analysis ¡æ analyses synthesis¡æsyntheses : Á¾ÇÕ
crisis ¡æ crises : À§±â basis ¡æ bases
parenthesis[p ren isis] ¡æ parentheses[p ren isi:z]: °ýÈ£
7. ÀÌÁß º¹¼ö
* brother [br ] +- brothers [br rz] : ÇüÁ¦ÀÇ º¹¼ö
+- brethren[bre rin] : µ¿Æ÷,Á¾±³»óÀÇ ÇüÁ¦
* genius [d i:ni s]+- geniuses[d i:ni siz]: ̵ˍ
+- genii [d i:niai] : ¾Ç¸¶, ¼öÈ£½Å
* penny [peni] +- pennies[peniz] : µ¿Àü °¹¼öÀÇ º¹¼ö
+- pence [pens] : °¡°Ý, °ªÀÇ º¹¼ö
* cloth [kl : ] +- cloths[kl : s] : ¿Ê°¨, õÀÇ Á¾·ù
+- clothes[klou( )z] : ÀǺ¹, ¿Ê
* staff [st f] +- staffs[st fs] : Á÷¿ø, °£ºÎ
+- staves[steivz] : ÁöÆÎÀÌ, ¸·´ë±â
8. º¹ÇÕ ¸í»çÀÇ º¹¼öÇü
¨çÁß¿äÇÑ ¸»À̳ª ¸í»ç¿¡ -s
* looker-on ¡æ lookers-on : ±¸°æ²Û (spectator)
by-stander ¡æ by-standers passer-by ¡æ passers-by
commander-in-chief ¡æ commanders-in-chief : »ç·É°ü
dropper-in ¡æ droppers-in : ¹æ¹®°´
father-in-law ¡æ fathers-in-law : ÀåÀÎ, ½Ã¾Æ¹öÁö
mother-in-law ¡æ mothers-in-law : Àå¸ð, ½Ã¾î¸Ó´Ï
brother-in-law ¡æ brothers-in-law : ó³²
son-in-law ¡æ sons-in-law : »çÀ§, ¾çÀÚ
tooth-brush ¡æ tooth-brushes : Ä©¼Ö
¢¿ tooth--·Î µÈ º¹ÇÕ¾î´Â µÚ¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç¸¸ º¹¼ö·Î °íÄ£´Ù.
¨è¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ³¹¸»ÀÌ ¾ø´Â º¹ÇÕ¾î´Â ³¡¿¡ --s ¶Ç´Â --es
* forget-me-not ¡æ forget-me-nots, have-not ¡æ have-nots
go-between(Á߸ÅÀÎ) ¡æ go-betweens(¸Å°³ÀÚ)
merry-go-round ¡æ merry-go-rounds : ȸÀü¸ñ¸¶.
good-for-nothing ¡æ good-for-nothings : ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â ÀÚ.
9. »ó½Ãº¹¼ö
¨ç¦ ¶Ç´Â µÎ ºÎºÐÀÌ Çϳª¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ÀÇ·ù ¹× µµ±¸ÀÇ ¸íĪ. (º¸Åë º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ)
trousers, gloves, scissors, glasses, spectacles,
tongs[ta z]:ºÎÁ£°¡¶ô, pants.
¨èº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ Çаú¸í ¡æ ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÔ(´Ü¼öµ¿»ç)
economics, politics, physics, mathematics, phonetics, ethics,
statistics[st tistiks]: Åë°èÇСæ´Ü¼öÃë±Þ, Åë°è(Ç¥)¡æº¹¼öÃë±Þ.
¨é±âŸ »ó½Ãº¹¼ö·Î¼ º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ
goods, riches:Àç»ê, valuables:±ÍÁßÇ°, belongings,
savings:Àú±Ý(savingÀº ±¸Á¶, Àý¾àÀÇ ¶æ)
¨ê»ó½Ãº¹¼ö·Î¼ ´Ü¼ö Ãë±Þ
news, means´Â ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö °¡´É.
10. ºÐȺ¹¼ö
* air : °ø±â - airs : °Ç¹æÁø ŵµ.
advice : Ãæ°í - advices : ÅëÄ¡.
arm : ÆÈ - arms : ¹«±â, Æȵé.
manner : ¹æ¹ý - manners : ¿¹Àý, ¹æ¹ýµé.
ash[ ] : Àç - ashes : À¯°ñ.
custom : ½À°ü - customs : °ü¼¼, ¼¼°ü, ½À°üµé.
provision : Áغñ - provisions : ½Ä·®.
pain : °íÅë - pains : ³ë·Â, ¼ö°í.
color : »ö - colors : ±â, »ö±òµé.
11. »óÈ£º¹¼ö : µÎ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ÍÀÌ »óÈ£ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå
½Ã º¹¼öÇüŸ¦ ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù.
* shake hands with : ¾Ç¼öÇÏ´Ù.
change cars : Â÷¸¦ °¥¾ÆŸ´Ù.
exchange seats with : ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Ù.
be friends with : ¡¿Í Ä£±¸»çÀÌ´Ù.
take turns : ¡±³´ëÇÏ´Ù.
make friends with : ¡¿Í Ä£±¸°¡ µÇ´Ù.
exchange letters with : ÆíÁö¸¦ ±³È¯ÇÏ´Ù.
be on good terms with : ¡¿Í »çÀÌ°¡ ÁÁ´Ù.
12. º¹¼ö¾î¹Ì »ý·« ¥°
¨çº¹¼öÇü ¸í»ç°¡ ¼ö»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿Í¼ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À϶§ ´Ü¼öÇü.
* He is two years old.
¡æ He has a three-year-old daughter.
¨è¼ö»ç + º¹¼ö¸í»ç°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À϶© ´Ü¼ö »ç¿ë.
* a ten-mile race : 10¸¶ÀÏÀÇ °æÁÖ.
a six-line gun : 6ÀÎÄ¡ÀÇ ´ëÆ÷.
the three-power conference : 3´ë °´ë±¹ ȸ´ã.
two-horse carriage : ½ÖµÎ¸¶Â÷.
13. º¹¼ö¾î¹Ì »ý·« ¥±
¨ç dozen, score, hundred, thousand, percent µîÀÌ ¼ö»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿Ã¶§´Â
º¹¼öÀÏÁö¶óµµ ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Ü¼öÇüÀ» ¾µ °Í.
* one dozen - three dozen.
one hundred - five hundred.
¡Þscore : "µæÁ¡"ÀÇ ¶æµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸ 20ÀÇ â¦µµ ³ªÅ¸³¿.
two score ¡æ 40. three score and ten ¡æ 70.
¨è dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million µîÀÌ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ¼ö¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾
¶© º¹¼öÇüÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
* dozens of eggs : ¿©·¯´Ù½ºÀÇ °è¶õ.
Hundred of people : ¼ö¹é¸íÀÇ Çлýµé.
scores of books : ¼ö½Ê±ÇÀÇ Ã¥.
¨é pair, couple µîÀÌ Â¦À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö°¡´É. (head´Â Ç×»ó´Ü¼ö)
two pair(s) of shoes : ±¸µÎ µÎÄÓ·¹.
four couple(s) of hounds : 4½ÖÀÇ »ç³É°³.
five head of oxen : ¼Ò 5¸¶¸®.
¡Þhead´Â Áü½ÂÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¼ö¸¦ ¼¿¶§ ¾²ÀÌ¸ç ¾Õ¿¡ º¹¼ö ¼ö»ç°¡ ¿Íµµ Ç×»ó ´Ü
¼öÇüÀ¸·Î ¾´´Ù.
14. º¹¼öÇüÀÇ ³¹¸»À» ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
¨çÇаú¸í.
¨èº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ ±¹°¡¸í.
* The Netherlands, The Philippines, The United States (of America)
µîÀÇ ±¹°¡¸íÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç The¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸ç º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù.
´Ü, ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ü¼ö µ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
¨é½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·®À» ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀ§·Î Ãë±ÞÇÒ¶§¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù.
* Thirty miles is a good distance.
¨êº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ ¼ÀûÀ̸§ : ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±Þ.
¨ëºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸».
half(¹Ý) ---+
the rest(³ª¸ÓÁö) | of + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç -+ ¡æ ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç.
a lot(¸¹Àº) | ¹°Áú¸í»ç |
most(´ëºÎºÐ) | Ãß»ó¸í»ç -+
the majority(´ëºÎºÐ) | of + º¹¼ö¸í»ç ¡æ º¹¼öµ¿»ç.
lost(¸¹Àº) ---+
15. àõ
¨çº°°³ÀÇ ³¹¸»À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
* husband : ³²Æí - wife : ¾Æ³».
* nephew : Á¶Ä« - niece[ni:s]: Á¶Ä«µþ.
* wizard : ³²ÀÚ¸¶¹ý»ç - witch : ¸¶³à.
* monk : ³²ÀÚ¼öµµ½Â - nun : ¼ö³à.
* bull : Ȳ¼Ò - cow : ¾Ï¼Ò.
* bachelor[b t l ]:µ¶½Å³² - spinster : µ¶½Å³à.
¨è³²¼º¸í»çÀÇ ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ess¸¦ ºÙÀÓ
* lion : ¼ý»çÀÚ - lioness : ¾Ï»çÀÚ.
* heir[ ]: »ó¼ÓÀÎ(Ñû) - heiress : »ó¼ÓÀÎ(åü).
* prince : ȲÅÂÀÚ - princess : °øÁÖ.
* host : ³²ÀÚÁÖÀÎ - hostess : ¿©ÀÚÁÖÀÎ.
* emperor : ȲÁ¦ - empress : ȲÈÄ.
* tiger - tigress, God - Goddess, actor - actress,
* negro - negroes, waiter - waitress, author - authoress
* master - mistress.
¨é±âŸ
* he-goat : ¼ý¿°¼Ò ¡Á she-goat. man-servant ¡Á maid-servant.
bridegroom[braidgru:m]: ½Å¶û ¡Á bride[braid]: ½ÅºÎ.
widower[widou ]: Ȧ¾Æºñ ¡Á widow[widou]: °úºÎ.
hero[hi rou]: ¿µ¿õ ¡Á heroine[herouin]: ¿©ÀåºÎ, ¿©°É.
16. Å뼺¸í»ç¿Í Áß¼º¸í»ç
¨çÅ뼺¸í»ç : parent, monarch, spouse(¹è¿ìÀÚ)
µ¿¹°À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Å뼺¸í»çÀÇ ´ë¸í»ç´Â it·Î ¹ÞÁö¸¸ »çÀÚ, °³¿Í °°ÀÌ »ç
³ª¿î µ¿¹°Àº ³²¼º Ãë±ÞÀ» Çϸç he·Î ¹Þ°í, °í¾çÀÌ, ¾Þ¹«»õ µî°ú °°ÀÌ
¾àÇÑ µ¿¹°Àº ¿©¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© she·Î child, baby µîÀº it·Î ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
¨èÁß¼º¸í»ç(¹«»ý¹°)ÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈ
* °ÇÏ°í, ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°í, À§´ëÇÑ °Í. :³²¼º¸í»ç (sun, war...)
* ¾Æ¸§´ä°í ¿ì¾ÆÇÏ°í °¡·ÃÇÑ °Í. :¿©¼º¸í»ç (moon, peace...)
¡Þ±¹°¡¸íÀº °æÁ¦¡¤»çȸ¡¤¹®ÈÀû Ãø¸éÀº ¿©¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© she·Î, ±¹Å䳪
Áö¸®Àû Ãø¸éÀº Áß¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© it·Î ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
* England is justly proud her poets. (±¹°¡, ¿©¼º)
* America is rich in its natural resources. (±¹Åä, Áß¼º)
17. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ Çü¼º
¨ç»ç¶÷À̳ª µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î 's¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
* A man's stick. The cat's ear.
¨è¹«»ý¹°ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº [of + ¸í»ç]ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πǥ½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
* The legs of the table.
¨é -s·Î ³¡³ª´Â º¹¼ö¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº '(apostrophe)¸¸ ºÙÀδÙ.
* girls'. rings.
¨ê°íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â ¾î¹Ì°¡ -s·Î ³¡³ª´õ¶óµµ 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
* Charles's hat. Jones's Dictionary.
¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: °í´ë Èñ¶øÀÎ, ±×¸®°í Jesus, Moses, Socrates, ColumbusµîÀÇ
°íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â -s·Î ³¡³¯Áö¶óµµ 's¸¸ ºÙ¿©¼ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ» ¸¸µë.
¨ëº¹ÇÕ¸í»ç³ª ÇϳªÀÇ ¾î±ºÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â ¸»ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ 's¸¦ ºÙÀÓ.
* father-in-law : ÀåÀÎ(º¹ÇÕ¸í»ç). fathers-in-law : ÀåÀεé.
father-in-law's hat : ÀåÀÎÀÇ ¸ðÀÚ
fathers-in-law's hat : ÀåÀεéÀÇ ¸ðÀÚµé.
¨ìµ¿°Ý¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý: ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î µÚ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿°Ý¸í»ç¿¡ 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
* my friend John's wife.
¨í°¢ÀÚ¼ÒÀ¯¿Í °øµ¿¼ÒÀ¯
* Tom's and Frank's books : º°°³ÀÇ Ã¥.
* Tom and Frank's books : Tom°ú Frank°¡ °øÀ¯Çϴ å.
18. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ ÀǹÌ
¨ç¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ Ç¥½Ã: Tom's book.
¨èÀúÀÚ, ¹ß¸íÀÚ Ç¥½Ã: Shakespeare's Macbeth.
¨é»ç¿ë¸ñÀû¡¤´ë»ó Ç¥½Ã: a girl's high school.
¨êÁÖ°Ý °ü°è(ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ÁÖü) Ç¥½Ã.
* My daughter's death: ³» µþÀÇ Á×À½(£½ My daughter died. ÁÖ°Ý)
* Mother's love of children.
* John's success.
¨ë¸ñÀû°Ý °ü°è(ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ´Â °Í) Ç¥½Ã.
* My daughter's education: ³» µþÀÇ ±³À°. (¸ñÀû°Ý °ü°è)
(£½Someone educates my daughter)
* Caesar's murderers = those who murdered Caesar.
* Shakespeare's admirers = those who admire Shakespeare.
19. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
¨ç »ç¶÷ ¶Ç´Â µ¿¹°¿¡ ÇÑÇؼ´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î 's¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
¨è¹«»ý¹°ÀÌ ÀÇÀÎÈ µÈ °æ¿ì.
* Fortune's smile: ¿î¸íÀÇ ¹Ì¼Ò.
* Nature's works : ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°.
¨é½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸í»ç.
* today's paper: ¿À´Ã ½Å¹®. tomorrow's lesson: ³»ÀÏ ¼ö¾÷.
* a day's journey : ÀÏÀÏ°£ÀÇ ¿©Çà.
* five minutes's walk: µµº¸·Î 5ºÐ°Å¸®.
* ten miles' distance: 10¸¶ÀÏÀÇ °Å¸®.
* a pound's weight: 1ÆÄ¿îµåÀÇ ¹«°Ô. ten pound's weight.
* a dollar's worth of sugar.
¨ê µ¶¸³ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý
¨±¼ÒÀ¯°Ý('s) ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â house, shop, office, store, place µîÀÇ
°ø°ø °Ç¹°, »óÁ¡, Áý µîÀº »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.
* My uncle's (house)
¨²°°Àº ¸í»ç°¡ µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÉ¶§ ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â
¸í»ç´Â »ý·«ÇÔ.
* This book is my brother's (book)
¨ë ÀÌÁß¼ÒÀ¯°Ý: a, an, this, these, that, these, some, any, no,
which, what, such, each, every µîÀº ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý°ú ÇÔ²² ³ª¶õÈ÷ ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø
°í, Áï a, an, this¡¦ + ¸í»ç + of + ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»çÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π½á¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
* this my father's camera. ( X )
* this camera of my father's. ( O )
¨ì °ü¿ëÀû Ç¥Çö.
* for mercy's sake: Á¦¹ß. for conscience' sake: ¾ç½É»ó.
* at once wits'(wit's) end: ¾îÂîÇÒ¹Ù¸¦ ¸ô¶ó.
22. Cannot ¡ without
* I cannot see this picture but I am reminded of him.
never
£½ I cannot see this picture without being reminded of him.
£½ Wherever I see this picture, I am reminded of him.
Everytime
£½ This picture always puts me in mind of him.
£½ This picture always reminds me of him.
23. Á¢µÎ¾î
¨çÁ¢µÎ¾î in-, im-, -inter, intro-´Â ¸ðµÎ ¾È(Ò®)ÀÇ ¶æ.
¨è ex-, e-, out- ´Â ¹ÛÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.
ή Þò (Article)
1. ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç: ÀÚÀ½ ¾Õ a, ¸ðÀ½ ¾Õ an.
2. ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a, anÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
¨ç one(Çϳª)À» ¶æÇÒ ¶§.
* We shall stay here a day or two. (ÇϷ糪 ÀÌƲ)
* They resigned their posts in a body. (ÀÏ°ýÀûÀ¸·Î)
¨è´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö.
* A dog is a faithful animal.
¨é A certain(¾î¶²)ÀÇ ¶æ.
* A Mr. John came to see you .
¡ÞIn a sense, It is true: ¾î¶² Àǹ̷δ ¡
¨ê The same(°°Àº)ÀÇ ¶æ.
* Birds of a feather flock together.
* We are of an age. (µ¿°©ÀÌ´Ù)
of a mind. (¸¶À½ÀÌ °°´Ù)
of a humor.(¼ºÁúÀÌ °°´Ù)
¨ë per(¸¶´Ù)ÀÇ ¶æ.
* I write to her once a day. (ÇÏ·ç¿¡ Çѹø¾¿)
¨ì some(¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ, ¾à°£)ÀÇ ¶æ.
* He was speechless for a time. (Çѵ¿¾È, ¾ó¸¶µ¿¾È).
* He is industrious to a degree. (¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ)
3. Á¤°ü»ç TheÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
¨ç¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ¸í»ç°¡ ¹Ýº¹µÉ ¶§.
* I met a boy, and the boy showed me the way.
¨è¼ö½Ä¾î±¸(Çü¿ë»ç±¸, Çü¿ë»çÀý)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§.
¡Þ¹°Áú¡¤Ã߻󡤰íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª ¼ö½Ä
¾î±¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤, Á¦ÇÑÀÌ µÇ¸é Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
* Water is changed into steam by heat.
* The water of this well is not good to drink. (ÀÌ ¿ì¹°ÀÇ ¹°)
¨é¹®¸Æ»ó ÀüÈÄ°ü°è¸¦ ´©±¸³ª ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì.
* The post office is near the station.
¨ê½Ã°£, ¼ö·®ÀÇ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
* Sugar is sold by the pound.
¡Þ¹°°ÇÀ» »ç°í ÆÈ ¶§ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº [by the + ´ÜÀ§]¿Í °°ÀÌ
¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç the »ç¿ë.
* She rented the apartment by the month.
* They hired a man by the day. (ÀÏ´çÀ¸·Î, ÇÏ·ç´ÜÀ§·Î).
¨ëÁ¾Á·´ëÇ¥.
* The dog is a faithful animal.
¨ì½Åü ÀϺθ¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÒ ¶§.
* He caught me by the hand.
¨íÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀϹ«ÀÌÇÑ °Í¿¡ »ç¿ë.
* The sun is much larger than the moon.
* I wish to make a journey round the world.
* We are living in a busy world.
* English is a world language now.
¡Þ World ¾Õ¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç busy°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§, world°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§
¿¡´Â the ´ë½Å "a"¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÔ.
¨îÃÖ»ó±Þ, ¼¼ö(first, second ¡¦), any, last, same ¾Õ¿¡¼ »ç¿ë.
* Seoul is the largest city in korea.
* Egypt was the first country to become civilized.
* February is the second month of the year.
* You will need a second pair of shoes.
¡Þsecond°¡ "µÎ¹ø°"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¼ø¼¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© a second¸¦ »ç¿ë.
¨ï±â°è, ¹ß¸íÇ°, ¾Ç±â¸í.
* The steam-engine was invented by J.watt.
* Does the lady play the piano well?
¨ð°ü¿ë¾î±¸¿¡¼
* in the morning. in the evening. in the sun(ÇÞºµ¿¡¼).
* in the dark(¾îµÎ¿î °÷¿¡¼).
4. ½ÅüÀϺθ¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý
¨ç catchÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç.
S + V + »ç¶÷ + by the ½ÅüÀϺκÐ.
catch, seize, take, hold, grasp µîÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç by¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
* He caught me by the neck.
¨èstrike(Ä¡´Ù)ÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç
S + V + »ç¶÷ + on the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ.
Ä¡´Ù, ¶§¸®´Ù ¶æÀÎ strike, hit, pat, tap, touch, kiss µîÀÇ µ¿»ç.
on the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ.
* He struck me on the ear.
hit on the head.
¨é look(º¸´Ù)ÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç.
S + V + »ç¶÷ + in the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ.
* I looked him in the eye.
gazed in the face.
stared
¨ê±âŸ.
* He was short through the head.
* He embraced his mother round the neck.
* He chucked me under the chin.
¡ÞºÙÀâ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â by,
Ä¡´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â on,
º¸´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â inÀÌ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÊ.
5. °íÀ¯¸í»ç¿Í Á¤°ü»ç.
¨ç°, ¹Ù´Ù, ¼±¹Ú, ÇØÇù µîÀÇ À̸§.
* The Thames. The Han River.
¨è¹Ýµµ, ±ºµµ, »ê¸ÆÀÇ À̸§.
* The Korean peninsula[p ninsjul ]: Çѹݵµ.
¨é¾î¶² ³ª¶óÀÇ À̸§À̳ª Áö¸í, ±¹¸íÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«°ü»çÀÌÁö¸¸ º¹¼ö³ª
'of ÇÑÁ¤±¸'°¡ ºÙÀ¸¸é the¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
* The United States of America. The Netherlands.
¡Þ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¸»ÇÒ ¶© English, Koreaó·³ °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ language¸¦
ÇÔ²² ¾²¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
¨ê°ü°ø¼, °ø°ø°Ç¹°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
* The State Department: ¹Ì±¹¹«¼º.
¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: ¿ª, Ç×±¸, È£¼ö, ´Ù¸®, °øÇ×, °ø¿ø¿¡´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î the¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
* Seoul Station. Pagoda Park. Pusan Harbor. Kimpo airport.
¨ëöµµ, ¿Â÷, Ç×°ø±â, ¹è, ½Å¹®, ÀâÁö, ÇÐȸÀÇ À̸§ ¾Õ¿¡.
* The Pullman(Ç®¸¸È£:öµµÀ̸§).
* the Queen Mary. the Royal Academy.(¿µ±¹¹Ì¼ú¿ø)
¨ìÀÎ¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ¼ºÁú Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿Ã ¶§.
* The ambitious Caesar: ¾ß¸Á¿¡ Âù ½ÃÀÌÀú.
¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: honest, old, young, poor, little µîÀÇ ÀÏ»ó»ýÈ°¿¡¼ ÈçÈ÷ ¾²
ÀÌ´Â Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ÀÎ¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.
¨í°íÀ¯¸í»ç°¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÉ ¶§. (±¹¾î À̸§°ú ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¸»À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§)
* London is the capital of English.
* The London of the 19th.: 19¼¼±âÀÇ ·±´ø.
* What is the German for the English "flower"?
6. °ü»çÀÇ À§Ä¡
* so, as, too, how, however + Çü¿ë»ç + ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç + ¸í»ç.
* Such a work cannot be done in so short a time.
* He is as kind a boy as you are.
* such, half, rather, many, quite, what, whatever + ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç + Çü¿ë»ç + ¸í»ç.
* She is quite a good painter.
* He is rather an old man.
* all, double, both + Á¤°ü»ç + ¸í»ç.
* All the boys were present.
* I paid double the price for it.
7. °ü»çÀÇ »ý·«
¨çÈ£°Ý, °¡Á·°ü°è¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
* Water, two cups of coffee.
* Father, may I go out? * Father is looking for you, John.
¨è½Ä»ç, Áúº´, ¿îµ¿, °èÀý, ÇаúÀÇ À̸§.
* They were having breakfast when I arrived. Because I have a
heavy breakfast. I have no appetite. The breakfast I had this
morning was too light.
¡Þ½Ä»ç¸í ¾Õ¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿Ã ¶§ ½Ä»ç¸íÀÌ Çü¿ë»ç±¸³ª Àý·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§
¿¡´Â °ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
* He is suffering from fever.
cancer.
consumption.(Æó°áÇÙ)
* I have a headache. (µÎÅë)
a toothache. (Ä¡Åë)
a stomachache. (º¹Åë)
¡Þ ache°¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °¡º¿î º´¸í ¾Õ¿¡´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
* They are playing tennis.
¡Þ¿îµ¿¸íÀº °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Ç±â¸íÀº the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
* He majors in English literature.
* I major in the English literature of the 20th.
¡ÞÇü¿ë»ç±¸(of-)·Î ¼ö½ÄµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
¨é°üÁ÷, Īȣ, ½ÅºÐ + °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÏ ¶§.
* Professor Lee: ÀÌ ±³¼ö.
¡ÞĪȣ, ½ÅºÐ, °üÁ÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¸í»ç°¡ °íÀ¯¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§, ±×¸®°í
Emperor, Empress, Zar´Â ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
* The widow Smith: °úºÎ ½º¹Ì½º.
* The Emperor Napoleon: ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë ȲÁ¦.
¨ê°üÁ÷, ½ÅºÐ, Ç÷ÅëÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸»ÀÌ Áְݺ¸¾î, ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
Mr. Lee was appointed principal of our school.(Áְݺ¸¾î)
¨ë a kind of ¡ , a sort of ¡ ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
°ü»ç¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
* He is a kind of gentleman.
¨ì¦À» ÀÌ·ç´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ¸í»ç°¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç ȤÀº Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°áµÉ ¶§.
* We are man and wife before heaven.
* Rich and poor celebrate New year's day.
¡Þ the rich and the poor´Â [the + Çü¿ë»ç]·Î¼ º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»çÀ̳ª
and·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î the°¡ »ý·«µÊ.
* father and son. body and soul. arm in arm(ÆȯÀ» ³¢°í).
side by side(³ª¶õÈ÷)
¨í°ø°ø°Ç¹°ÀÌ º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
* I am going to the school to see him.
* School begins at 9 O'clock
¡ÞschoolÀÌ º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÎ °øºÎ, ¼ö¾÷µîÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
* in school: ÀçÇÐÁß * go to church: ¿¹¹èº¸·¯ °¡´Ù.
* go to hospital: ÀÔ¿øÇÏ´Ù. * go to prison: ¡¿ª»ìÀÌ ÇÏ´Ù.
* at church: ¿¹¹è Áß. * go to sea: ¼±¿øÀÌ µÇ´Ù.
* go to bed: ÀáÀÚ¸®¿¡ µé´Ù. * at table: ½Ä»ç Áß.
* at sea: Ç×ÇØ Áß.
¨î±³Åë, Åë½Å¼ö´ÜÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
* I came here by steamer.
by train. (£½in a train)
by car. (£½in a car)
* I informed him by telephone.
¡Þ±³Åë¼ö´ÜÀ̳ª Åë½Å¼ö´ÜÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â [by + ±³Åë(Åë½Å)¼ö´Ü]ÀÇ
ÇüÅÂÀ̸ç, by ´ÙÀ½¿¡ °ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
¨ï man ÀÌÀΰ£, ³²¼ºÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î womanÀÌ ¿©¼ºÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
* Man is stronger than woman.
¨ð°ü¿ë¾î±¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
¨ÍÀüÄ¡»ç + ¸í»ç.
* in the morning. * at noon : Á¤¿À¿¡.
* in the afternoon. * at night : ¹ã¿¡.
* in the evening. * at midnight : ÇѹãÁß¿¡.
* in the daytime. * at hand : °¡±îÀÌ¿¡, ¼Õ´ê´Â °÷¿¡.
* at dawn[d :n] : »õº®¿¡. * in town : µµÈ¸Áö¿¡¼.
* at daybreak : »õº®¿¡. * in the country: ½Ã°ñ¿¡¼.
¨Îµ¿»ç + ¸í»ç.
* take place : ÀϾ´Ù, ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Ù. * lose sight of : ½Ã¾ß¿¡¼ ³õÄ¡´Ù.
* take the place of ¡ : ¡À» ´ë½ÅÇÏ´Ù. * keep house : »ì¸²À» ÇÏ´Ù.
* take part in : ¡¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Ù. * take hold of : Àâ´Ù, Áã´Ù.
* take cold : °¨±âµé´Ù.
8. °ü»çÀÇ »ý·«°ú ¹Ýº¹
* A poet and statesman is dead. (°ü»ç»ý·«; µ¿ÀÏÀÎ 1¸í)
* A poet and a statesman are dead. (°ü»çÀÖÀ½; 2¸í)
¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: ºÒ°¡ºÐÀÇ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§´Â µÎ»ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ and ´ÙÀ½¿¡ °ü»ç¸¦
ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í ù ¸í»ç¿¡¸¸ °ü»ç¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
* The king and Queen. a doctor and nurse. a cup and saucer.
a watch and chain. a knife and fork. a needle and thread.
9. Ư¼öÇÑ Çü¿ë»ç
¨ç father
* fatherly: ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ, ¾Æ¹öÁö °°Àº. * paternal[p t :n l]: ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ, ºÎ°èÀÇ.
* paternal care : ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ º¸»ìÇË. * fatherly love : ºÎ¼º¾Ö.
¨è mother
* motherly: ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Ù¿î. * maternal[m d :n l]: ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ. * maternal instincts: ¸ð¼ºº»´É.
¨é sun
* solar: žçÀÇ. * sunny: ÇÞºµÀÌ Àßµå´Â, ¾çÁö¹Ù¸¥.
¨ê moon
* lunar[lu:n ]: ´ÞÀÇ.
¨ë sea
* marine[m ri:n]: ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ, ¼±¹ÚÀÇ, ÇرºÀÇ.
¨ì see
* visible: º¸ÀÌ´Â, º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â. ¡Á invisible: º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â.
¨í hear
* audible: µé¸®´Â, ûÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â. ¡Á inaudible: µé¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â.
¨î eat
* eatable[i:t bl]: ¸ÔÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â. * edible[edibl]: ¸Ô±â¿¡ ÁÁÀº, µ¶¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â.
¨ï carry
* portable: ÈÞ´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, À̵¿ °¡´ÉÇÑ.
¨ð town
* urban[ : b n]: µµ½ÃÀÇ. µµ½Ã¿¡ ÀÖ´Â. ¡Á country ¡æ rural[ru r l]: ½Ã°ñÀÇ.
¨ð read
* readable: Àб⠽¬¿î. ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â. * legible : Àϱ⠽¬¿î.
10. Á¦°Å¡¤¹ÚÅ»µ¿»ç
rob + ´ë»óÀÚ + of + ¹°°Ç.
deprive A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼ B¸¦ °Å»ÇÏ´Ù.
¡ÞÂü°í: He stole my watch from me.
£½ I had my watch stolen. (have + ¹°°Ç + p¡¤p)
£½ My watch was stolen.
(¹°°ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÀÎ °æ¿ì be stolenÀ»»ç¿ë)
¡Þ be stolenÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â µµµÏ´çÇÑ ±× ¹°°Ç ÀÚüÀ̸ç, be robbed of ¡ ÀÇ
ÁÖ¾î´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù.
* strip A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼ B¸¦ ¹þ±â´Ù, ¸ô¼öÇÏ´Ù.
* clear A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼ B¸¦ Ä¡¿ì´Ù, Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù.
* cure A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼ B¸¦ Ä¡·áÇÏ´Ù, Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù.
* relieve A of B: A·ÎºÎÅÍ B¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù, ÈÉÄ¡´Ù.
11. Not ¡ till (until)
* I did not know the fact, till(until) the next morning.
= It was not till the next morning that I knew the fact.
= Not till the next morning did I know the fact.
= Only after the next morning did I know the fact.
* not A till B: BÇÏ°í ³ª¼¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò AÇÏ´Ù.
¡Þ nott till the next morningÀ» ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡½ÃÅ°¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã
Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»çÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÇؾßÇÑ´Ù.
12. cannot but + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç
* I cannot but laugh.
= I cannot choose but laugh. (cannot choose but + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç)
= I cannot help laughing. (cannot help + ¡ing)
avoid avoid
= I cannot keep from laughing.(cannot keep from + ¡ing)
= I have no choice but to laugh.
= I have no alternative but laugh.
= Nothing remains but to laugh.
= There is nothing for it but to laugh.
= How can I help laughing?
Çü¿ë»ç(Adjective) ¥°
1. ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý: Çü¿ë»ç°¡ Á÷Á¢ ¸í»ç ¾Õ ¶Ç´Â µÚ¿¡¼ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ¿ë¹ý.
* I found an empty box.
* He was awake all the night. (2Çü½Ä)
* I found the cage empty.(¼¼ú¿ë¹ý; 5Çü½Ä)
* I found the empty cage. (ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý)
¡ÞÇü¿ë»ç°¡ Áְݺ¸¾î³ª ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ Çü¿ë»çÀÇ ¼¼úÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù.
¡ÞÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÌ´Â Çü¿ë»ç
* an inner pocket : ¾ÈÁÖ¸Ó´Ï. * a woolen goods : ¸ðÁ÷¹°.
* the outer world : ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°è. * a woolen box : ³ª¹«»óÀÚ.
* the former case : ÀüÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì. * a golden saying : ±Ý¾ð.
* the upper lip : ÀÀÔ¼ú. * a lone traveller : ¿Ü·Î¿î ³ª±×³×.
* drunken, elder, former, latter, only, inner, outer, |
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