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    Name  
       admin (2005-12-16 14:11:41, Hit : 5093, Vote : 307)
    Subject  
       ¼º¹®±âº»¿µ¾î Á¤¸®
    Ù£ Þò (Noun) ¥°
    1. ¸í»çÀÇ Á¾·ù: °íÀ¯, º¸Åë, ÁýÇÕ, ¹°Áú, Ãß»ó¸í»ç
       ¨ç ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â ¸í»ç : ´Ü,º¹¼ö °¡´É
                 many, few·Î ¼ö½Ä. º¸Åë, ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç.
       ¨è ¼¿ ¼ö ¾ø´Â ¸í»ç : ´Ü,º¹¼ö ¾øÀ½.
                 much, little ÀÌ ¼ö½Ä. ¹°Áú, °íÀ¯, Ãß»ó¸í»ç.

    2. Á¾Á· ´ëÇ¥ : ¾î¶² Á¾Á·ÀÇ Àüü.
       ¨ç A(an) + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç.(´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö)
                 A horse is a useful animal.
       ¨è The + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç. (´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö)
                 The horse is a useful animal.
       ¨é º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç. (´ëÇ¥º¹¼ö)
                 Horse are useful animal.
    3. The + ´Ü¼öº¸Åë¸í»ç = Ãß»ó¸í»ç
       * The pen is mightier than the sword.
    4. ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç¿Í ±ºÁý¸í»ç
       * The audience was a large one.
       * The audience were deeply impressed
         ±ºÁý¸í»ç:º¹¼öµ¿»ç were, °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î ±íÀº °¨¸í.
         ¡Þ ÇϳªÀÇ ÁýÇÕü : ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç
            °³º°ÀûÀ¸·Î Ãë±Þ : ±ºÁý¸í»ç ¡æ º¹¼öµ¿»ç

    5. consist of
       * My class consist of       sixty students.
                  is composed of
                  is made up of
                  comprises ¡æ Ÿµ¿»çÀ̹ǷΠof »ç¿ë ¸øÇÔ.
                    = ¡­À¸·Î ±¸¼ºµÇ´Ù.

    6. Ç×»ó º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞµÇ´Â ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç
       ¨ç PoliceÇü
          * The police (°æÂûµé)    ¡æ a policeman (°æÂû ÇÑ»ç¶÷)
            The clergy (¼ºÁ÷ÀÚµé)  ¡æ a clergyman (¼ºÁ÷ÀÚ)
            The nobility (±ÍÁ·µé)  ¡æ a nobleman (±ÍÁ·)
            The peasantry (³ó¹Îµé) ¡æ a peasant (³ó¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷)
            ¡æ  ¡­µîÀÇ ÁýÇÕ ¸í»ç´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»çµµ ¸ø ºÙÀÌ°í º¹¼öÇüÀ¸·Îµµ
                ¾²Áö ¾ÊÀ¸¸ç º¸Åë the¿Í ÇÔ²² ¾²¿© º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ.
      ¨è CattleÇü
         : Cattle, People, Poultry, verminÀº ´ÜÁö ¾à°£ ¼öÀÇ ¸ðÀÓÀ̸ç, ÁýÇÕ
           ÀÇ ÇÑ°è°¡ ¾øÀ¸¹Ç·Î °ü»çµµ ¾ÈºÙ°í º¹¼öÇüµµ ¾øÀÌ ±×´ë·Î º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ
           µÇ¾î º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
          * Cattle are grazing in the pasture
          ¡Þpart, portion, half, the rest, the majority, most, the bulk µî
            Àº µÚ¿¡¿À´Â ¸»¿¡ µû¶ó ±× ¼ö°¡ °áÁ¤µÈ´Ù.
            * The rest of the boys are playing baseball.
      ¨é FamilyÇü
         Nation, Army, People, Party µîÀº ÁýÇÕÀÇ ÇÑ°è°¡ ¸í·áÇϸç, ¶ÇÇÑ
         ÁýÇÕü¸¦ ´ÜÀ§·Î ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖÀ¸¹Ç·Î ´Ü,º¹¼ö °¡´É.
         ¡Þ many people (¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé), some people (¾î¶² »ç¶÷µé)ó·³
            peopleÀÌ "»ç¶÷µé"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î¼­ ±ºÁý¸í»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÏ
            ¸ç º¹¼öµ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.  ±×·¯³ª peopleÀÌ ±¹¹Î, ¹ÎÁ·ÀÇ ¶æ
            À¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© ÁýÇÕ¸í»ç·Î ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÑ´Ù.
            * many people  = ¸¹Àº »ç¶÷µé.       many peoples = ¸¹Àº ¹ÎÁ·µé.
              people       = »ç¶÷µé (±ºÁý)       a peoples    = ÇϳªÀÇ ¹ÎÁ· (ÁýÇÕ)
              two people   = µÎ°³ÀÇ ¹ÎÁ·µé (ÁýÇÕ)

    7. ÁýÇÕÀû ¹°Áú¸í»ç
       * furniture(°¡±¸), clothing(ÀÇ·ù), merchandise(»óÇ°), produce(³ó»ê¹°),
         game(»ç³É°¨), baggage(¼ÒÆ÷).
         À§ÀÇ ´Ü¾î´Â ¹°°ÇÀÇ ÁýÇÕüÀÌÁö¸¸ ¾çÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¹°Áú ¸í»ç·Î Ãë±Þ.
       ¡Þ ÁýÇÕÀû ¹°Áú¸í»ç´Â
          ¨çºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a, anÀ» ºÙÀÏ ¼ö ¾ø´Ù. (¹°Áú¸í»çÀ̹ǷÎ)
          ¨èÇ×»ó ´Ü¼öÃë±ÞÀ» ÇϹǷΠ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç
          ¨é¾çÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â much, little·Î ¼ö½Ä
          ¨êÇϳª, µÑ ¼¿ ¶§ ¡æ a piece of ¡­ , an article of ¡­

    8. ¹°Áú¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»çÈ­
      ¨çÁ¦Ç°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
         * Glass is apt to break.   À¯¸®¡æ¹°Áú¸í»ç
         * He has a glass in his hand.  À¯¸®Àܡ溸Åë¸í»ç
    +- paper(Á¾ÀÌ)           ¡æ ¹°Áú    +- copper(±¸¸®)          ¡æ ¹°Áú
    +- the paper(¼­·ù, ½Å¹®) ¡æ º¸Åë     +- a copper(µ¿ÀüÇÑ´Ø)    ¡æ º¸Åë
      
      ¨è±¸Ã¼ÀûÀ¸·Î ¼¿ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °³Ã¼
         * The bridge is built of stone.    µ¹ ¡æ ¹°Áú
         * The boy picked up a stone.       µ¹¸æÀÌ ¡æ º¸Åë

      ¨éÁ¾·ù¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
         * Wine is made from grapes.   ¼ú ¡æ ¹°Áú
         * This is a good wine for health.  ÁÁÀº ¼ú ¡æ º¸Åë
         * They sell various wines at that store. ¿©·¯°¡Áö ¼ú ¡æ º¸Åë
      ¨ê»ç°ÇÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§ (±¸Ã¼Àû Çö»ó)
         * Fire burns wood. ºÒ ¡æ ¹°Áú¸í»ç
         * They was a fire last night. È­Àç ¡æ º¸Åë
      ¨ë¹°Áú¸í»ç°¡ ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§´Â Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
         * Water is turned into steam by heat. ¡æ ¹°Áú¸í»ç
         * The water in this glass is not good to drink. (À¯¸®ÀÜ ¼Ó¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ¹°)

    9. °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»çÈ­
      ¨ç±¹¹Î ÇÑ»ç¶÷, °¡Á·, ¡­ÀÇ Áý¾È »ç¶÷ÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶§
         * He is a swiss. ½ºÀ§½º »ç¶÷.
         * His father is a Lincoln. ¸µÄÁ °¡¹®ÀÇ »ç¶÷.
         * The Bakers loved to entertain others. º£ÀÌÄ¿¾¾ ºÎºÎ.
         ¡ÞThe + °íÀ¯¸í»ç º¹¼öÇü : Baker¾¾ ÀÏ°¡Á·
                                   Baker¾¾ ºÎºÎ.
      ¨è ¡­¶ó´Â »ç¶÷ (a certain)ÀÇ ¶æ.
         * A Mr. Lee called you up in your absence.
      ¨éÁ¦Ç°,ÀÛÇ°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
         * He bought a Ford. Æ÷µå ÀÚµ¿Â÷ ÇÑ´ë.
         * There are two Rembrandts in the gallery. µÎÁ¡ÀÇ ·½ºê·±Æ® ÀÛÇ°.
      ¨ê ¡­°ú °°Àº »ç¶÷, »ç¹°(¼ºÁúÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¿)À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§
         * A Newton cannot become a Shakespeare.
         * He is the Newton of the age. Çü¿ë»ç±¸. (´ç´ëÀÇ)
         ¡Þ°íÀ¯¸í»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç±¸°¡ ¿Í¼­ ¼ö½ÄÀÌ µÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç
           a, an ´ë½Å ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.

    10. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ º¸Åë¸í»ç ¹× ÁýÇÕ¸í»çÈ­
       : Á¾·ù, ±¸Ã¼ÀûÇൿ, ¾î¶² ¼ºÁúÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
         * He was wild in his youth. Ãß»ó(ûÃá½ÃÀý)
         * He is an ambitious youth. û³â - º¸Åë¸í»ç.
         * Youth should respect age. ÀþÀºÀÌ - ÁýÇÕ. ´ÄÀºÀ̵é.
         * She has beauty and intelligence. Ãß»ó.
         * She was once a beauty. ¹ÌÀÎ - º¸Åë.
         * The beauty of the scenery is beyond description.
          ¡Þof the scenery ¶ó´Â Çü¿ë»ç±¸¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÇ¹Ç·Î The beauty.
          * Happiness consists in contentment. Ãß»ó.
          * I now have the happiness of being with you.
          ¢¿Çü¿ë»ç±¸·Î ¼ö½ÄµÇ¹Ç·Î the happiness.
            ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ÇູÀ̹ǷΠthe happiness.

    11. ¹°Áú¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö·®Ç¥½Ã
        *  a piece  of  bread  :  »§ ÇÑÁ¶°¢.       *  a glass of milk     : ¿ìÀ¯ ÇÑ.ÀÜ  
             slice      toast  :  Å佺Ʈ ÇÑÁ¶°¢.                  water    : ¹° ÇÑÀÜ.
        *  a lump  of sugar    : ¼³ÅÁ Çѵ¢¾î¸®.   *  a shoal  of fish    : ¹°°í±â ÇѸ¶¸®.
             pound             : ¼³ÅÁ ÇÑÆÄ¿îµå.        school
             spoonful          : ¼³ÅÁ ÇѼý°¡¶ô.
        *  two cups of coffee  : Ä¿ÇÇ µÎÀÜ.      *  a shower of rain    : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ¼Ò³ª±â.
        *  three cakes of soap : ºñ´© ÇÑÀå.      *  a bolt of thunder   : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ÃµµÕ¼Ò¸®.
        *  a sheet of paper    : Á¾ÀÌ ÇÑÀå.      *  a flash of lightning: ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ¹ø°¹ºÒ.
        *  a roar of laughter  : ÇѹÙÅÁ ¿ôÀ½.     *  a piece of chalk    : ºÐÇÊ ÇÑÁ¶°¢.
          ¡Þshower  [ au ]:  ¼Ò³ª±â. »þ¿ö.
                    [ ou ]:  º¸ÀÌ´Â »ç¶÷. º¸ÀÌ´Â ¹°°Ç.
    12. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ ¼ö·®Ç¥½Ã
        * a piece of information. (good luck, advice)
            ÇÑÆíÀÇ Á¤º¸. (ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ Çà¿î, ÇѸ¶µðÀÇ Ãæ°í)
        *  a piece of news     : ´º½º ÇÑÆí.
        *  a piece of fully    : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ ¿ìµÐÇÑ Áþ.   *  several cases of theft : ¸î°ÇÀÇ Àýµµ.
        *  a bit of nonsense   : ÇѸ¶µðÀÇ ÇãÆ°¼Ò¸®.   *  a stroke of luck    : ÇÑÂ÷·ÊÀÇ Çà¿î.
            
    13. Of + Ãß»ó¸í»ç = Çü¿ë»ç±¸
        *  a man of ability = an able man.       *  a man of use = a useful man.
        *  a man of wisdom = a wise man.      *  a man of sense = a sensible man.
        *  a man of learning = a learned man.    *  of use = useful, of valuable = valuable,
        *  a man of experience = an experienced man.
        *  of experience =  experienced, of importance = important.

    14. ÀüÄ¡»ç + Ãß»ó¸í»ç = ºÎ»ç±¸
        *  with ease = easily : ½±°Ô.            *  in succession = successively : ¿¬¼ÓÀûÀ¸·Î.
        *  with kindness = kindly : Ä£ÀýÇÏ°Ô.    *  in reality = really : »ç½Ç»ó.
        *  with fluency = fluently : À¯Ã¢ÇÏ°Ô.    *  in haste = hastily : ±ÞÈ÷.
        *  with safety = safely.                 *  in earnest = earnestly : ÁøÁöÇÏ°Ô.
        *  with care = carefully.                *  by accident = accidentally : ¿ì¿¬È÷.
        *  with patience = patiently.             *  to perfection = perfectly : ¿ÏÀüÇÏ°Ô.
        *  with rapidity = rapidly : À绡¸®.      *  on purpose = purposely : °íÀÇÀûÀ¸·Î.
        *  without doubt : ÀǽÉÇÒ¹Ù¾øÀÌ.        *  on occasion = occasionally : ¶§¶§·Î.
        *  without hesitation : ÁÖÀúÇÏÁö ¾Ê°í.
        

    15. Ãß»ó¸í»çÀÇ °ü¿ë¾î¹ý
        * He is kindness itself.--+  Ãß»ó¸í»ç + itself
                all kindness |  = all + Ãß»ó¸í»ç
                very kind |  = very, extremely + Çü¿ë»ç.
                extremely kind --+  ( ¸Å¿ì ¡­ ÇÑ)
                ±×´Â ¸Å¿ì Ä£ÀýÇÏ´Ù.

    16. An angel of a wife
        * She is an angel of a wife.(of-µ¿°Ý, ÀüÄ¡»ç¿Í °°Àº ¾Æ³»,
                 an angelic wife.           of ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a)
          that fool of a ¡­  = that foolish ¡­
          a saint of a   ¡­  = a saintly  ¡­
          a devil of a   ¡­  = a devilish  ¡­

    17. Have + the + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + to do
        * He had the kindness to help me.   (have + the + Ãß»ó¸í»ç + to do)
          = He was so kind that he helped me.    (so + Çü + that + S + V)
          = He was so kind as to help me.        (so + Çü + as to do)
          = He was kind enough to help me.      (Çü + enough + to do)
          = He kindly helped me.                (ºÎ»ç + µ¿»ç)

    18. CH. GHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½
       ¡Þ -CHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½Àº [t ], [k], [ ] ¼¼ Á¾·ù·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÊ.
         * [t ]°¡ °ÅÀÇ ´ëºÎºÐÀÓ.
          church    [t  :t ]  : ±³È¸.         choice    [t ois]   : ¼±ÅÃ.
          chin      [t in]    : ÅÎ.           cheer     [t i ]    : ȯȣ.
          chew      [t u:]    : ¾Ã´Ù.        charity   [t  r ti] : ÀÚ¼±.
          cheek     [t i:k]   : »´.           mischief  [mist if] : ¼ÕÇØ.
          cheat     [t i:t]   : ¼ÓÀÌ´Ù.        approach  [ prout ] : Á¢±Ù.
          choke     [t ouk]   : Áú½Ä½ÃÅ°´Ù.
          
         * [k] ·Î ¹ßÀ½.
          mechanic   [mik nik]   : ±â´É¾÷.    christ     [kraist]    : ¿¹¼ö.
          chaos      [keias]     : È¥¶õ.       chronicle  [kranik]    : ¿¬´ë±â.
          character  [k rikt r]  : ÀΰÝ.        stomach    [st m k]    : À§.
          ache       [eik]       : ÅëÁõ.       monarch    [man k]     : ±ºÁÖ
          chasm      [k z m]     : ºóÆ´.     christmas  [krism s]
          chemistry  [k mistri]  : È­ÇÐ.       psychology [saikal d ] : ½É¸®ÇÐ.
          choir      [kwai ]     : ÇÕâ´Ü.    
          chorus     [k :r s]    : ÇÕâ.
          
         * [ ] ·Î ¹ßÀ½.
          chagrin    [  grin]   : ¿øÅë.      machine    [m  i:n]   :
          champagne  [  mpein]            moustache  [m st : ]  : Äà¼ö¿°
          chauffeur  [ ouf ]    : ¿îÀü¼ö.     chandelier [  nd li ] : ¼§µ¨¸®¾Æ.
          chivalry   [ iv li]   : ±â»çµµ.      parachute  [p r  u:t] : ³«ÇÏ»ê.

       ¡Þ -GHÀÇ ¹ßÀ½Àº ¹¬À½À̰ųª [f], [g]·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÊ.
         * ¹¬À½ÀÌ µÉ ¶§.
          bough    [bau]  : ³ª¹µ°¡Áö.      weigh    [wei]  : ¹«°Ô¸¦ Àç´Ù.
          though   [ ou]  : ¡­ÇÒÁö¶óµµ.    thought  [  :t] : »ý°¢.
          dough    [dou]  : °¡·ç¹ÝÁ×.      through  [ ru:] : ¡­À» ÅëÇÏ¿©.
          plough   [plau] : Àï±â.           bought   [b :t] :
          
         * [f] ·Î ¹ßÀ½.
          rough     [r f]   : °ÅÄ¥Àº.    laugh     [la:f]  : ¿ô´Ù.
          enough    [in f]  : ÃæºÐÇÑ.    draught   [draft] : Åëdz.
          tough     [t f]   : ´Ü´ÜÇÑ.    drought   [draut] : °¡¹³.
          cough     [k :f]  : ±âħ.
         * [g]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
          ghost     [goust] : À¯·É.     aghast    [aga:st]: ³î¶õ.

    19. Accent ±ÔÄ¢
      ¨ç´ÙÀ½°ú °°Àº ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº 2À½Àý ¾Õ¿¡ accent°¡ ÀÖ´Ù.
        -tion  : invention, function,
        -sion  : occasion, confusion, decision,
                 ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : television.
        -ian   : musician, comedian.
        -cial  : official, especial.
        -tial  : presidential.
        -ious  : licentious.
        -cience, -ciency, -cient : deficiency, sufficient.
        -ity, -ety, : ability, activity, anxiety.
        -sive  : exclusive.
        -ical  : botonical, mechanical.
        -ic    : energetic.
               ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : catholic[k   lik], lunatic[lu:n tik] ,
                        politic[pal tik] , politics[pal tiks].
                        arithmetic[ rism til]    : »ê¼ö.
                        arithmetical[ rismetikal]: »ê¼öÀÇ.
        -logy  : geology.
        -pathy : apathy.
        -graphy: geography, photography.
               ¡ÞÁÖÀÇ : photograph [fout gra:f]
                        telegraph  [teligra:f]
        -meter, -metry  : barometer, geometry.
        -nomy  : astronomy.
      ¨è´ÙÀ½ ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº ¹Ù·Î ±× À½Àý¿¡ accent.
        -ee    : employee.
        -eer   : engineer.
        -ese   : chinese.
        -oon   : balloon.
        -oo    : bamboo, taboo.
               ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : cuckoo[kuku:]
        -esque : picturesque.
        -ette  : cigarette.
      ¨é´ÙÀ½ ¾î¹Ì·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº ÀüÀü À½Àý¿¡ accent.
        -ate   : accurate.
        -tude  : solitude.



        Ù£ Þò (Noun) ¥±

    1. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­ ¥°
      ¨ç¹«¼ºÀ½ [p,t,k,f, ]       + s ¡æ [s]
        À¯¼ºÀ½ [b,d,g,v, , ¸ðÀ½] + s ¡æ [z]
        * desks [desks], beds [bedz].
      ¨è¾î¹Ì°¡ [s],[z],[ ],[t ],[d ] ·Î ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ µÇ¸é -es¸¦ ºÙÀÌ°í [iz]·Î ¹ßÀ½ÇÔ.
        * ass[ s] ¡æ asses [ siz]
          dish    ¡æ dishes[di iz]
          breeze [bri:z] ¡æ breezes [bri:ziz]
        ¡ÞÁÖÀÇ : monarch[man k] ¡æ monarchs [man ks]
                 patriarch[peitria:k] ¡æ patriarchs [peitria:ks]:°¡Àå,Á·Àå
                 stomach[st m k] ¡æ stomachs[st m ks] : À§.
        ¡Þ¾î¹Ì°¡ -chÀÎ ´Ü¾îÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº ÁÖÀÇ.
          [t ]·Î ¹ßÀ½ ¡æ -es ºÙÀÌ°í [iz]
          [k ]·Î ¹ßÀ½ ¡æ -s¸¸ ºÙÀÌ°í [s]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
      ¨é¾î¹Ì°¡ -th·Î ³¡³ª´Â °æ¿ì
         ´Ü¸ðÀ½ + ths ¡æ [ s]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
         myth[mi ] ¡æ myths[mi s] : ½ÅÈ­.
         Àå¸ðÀ½ ¶Ç´Â 2Á߸ðÀ½ + ths ¡æ [ z]
         path[p : ] ¡æ paths[p  z] : ±æ.
         bath[ba: ] ¡æ baths[ba: z] : ¸ñ¿å.
         mouth[mau ] ¡æ mouths[mau z]
         ¡Þmouth°¡ µ¿»ç·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶© [mau ] : ¸Ô´Ù, ¿¬¼³ÇÏ´Ù.
           bathÀÇ µ¿»çÇüÀº bathe[bei ] : ´ã±×´Ù, ¸ñ¿å½ÃÅ°´Ù.
           bathing suit [bei i ][su:t] : ¼ö¿µº¹.
        ¡ÞÀå¸ðÀ½ + r + ths¿¡¼­´Â ths°¡ [ s]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
          earth[ :  ] ¡æ earths[ :  s]
    2. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­ ¥± (ÀÚÀ½ + y)
       ¨çÀÚÀ½ + y´Â y¸¦ i·Î °íÄ£ µÚ -es
         lady ¡æ lades[- z]
         ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : 1) °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÎ °æ¿ì -s¸¸ ºÙÀδÙ.
                     Henry ¡æ Henrys.
                  2) ¸ðÀ½ + y´Â -s¸¸ ºÙÀδÙ.
                     day ¡æ days.
                  3) -quy·Î ³¡³ª´Â ¸»Àº ¸ðÀ½ + yÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πº¸°í±×³É -s¸¸ ºÙ
                     ÀÌ¸é ¾ÈµÊ.  -quy´Â ºñ·Ï ¸ðÀ½(u) + yÀÇ ÇüÅÂÀ̳ª ¹ßÀ½ÀÌ
                     qu[kw] À̹ǷΠÀÚÀ½ + y·Î º¸°í y¸¦ i·Î °íÄ£µÚ -es¸¦ ºÙ
                     ÀÓ.

                     soliloquy[s lil kwi] : È¥À㸻.
                     ¡æ soliloquies[s lil kwiz]
    3. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­ ¥² (ÀÚÀ½ + o)
      ¨çÀÚÀ½ + o´Â -es¸¦ ºÙÀÎ µÚ [z]·Î ¹ßÀ½.
         potato ¡æ potatoes, hero ¡æ heroes, echo ¡æ echoes.
         ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü : ÀÚÀ½ + o·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î Áß¿¡¼­ ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ÁÙ¿©¼­ µÈ ¸»
                  (automobile ¡æ auto)ÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº -es ´ë½Å -s¸¦ ºÙÀÓ.
                  piano(pianoforte) ¡æ pianos.
                  curio(curiosity) ¡æ curious : °ñµ¿Ç°.
    4. ±ÔÄ¢º¯È­ ¥³ (f, fe Çü)
      ¨ç¾î¹Ì°¡ -f, -feÀÎ ´Ü¾î´Â f¸¦ -v·Î °íÄ£ µÚ -es¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
        half[ha: f] ¡æ halves[ha: vz]
        calf[ka:f] ¡æ calves[ka:vz] : ¼Û¾ÆÁö.
        ¡Þ´ÙÀ½ ´Ü¾î´Â -f, -fe·Î ³¡³ª´Â °æ¿ì¶óµµ -s¸¸ ºÙÀÏ °Í.
        chief ¡æ chiefs,        roof   ¡æ roofs:ÁöºØ.
        cliff ¡æ cliffs:Àýº®,   dwarf  ¡æ dwarfs:³­ÀåÀÌ.
        safe  ¡æ safes:±Ý°í,    grief  ¡æ greifs:½½ÇÄ,ºñź.
        proof ¡æ proofs:Áõ°Å,   strife ¡æ strifes: ÅõÀï,½Î¿ò.
        gulf  ¡æ gulfs:¸¸(Çؾȿ¡¼­ »ç¿ë)
      ¨è¹®ÀÚ, ¼ýÀÚ, ¾à¾îÀÇ º¹¼öÇüÀº º¸Åë 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
        R ¡æ R's, 8 ¡æ 8's, M.P ¡æ M.P's
    5. ºÒ±ÔÄ¢ º¯È­
    ¨ç¸ðÀ½ÀÌ º¯ÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
       man - men,     woman - women[wimin], foot - feet,
       goose[gu:s] - geese[gi:s]:°ÅÀ§.     ox - oxen,
       tooth - teeth, louse[laus] - lice[lais]:ÀÌ.
      ¨è´Ü¼ö,º¹¼öÇüÀÌ °°Àº °æ¿ì
        deer, sheep,  swine[swain]:µÅÁö,   trout[traut]:¼Û¾î,
        salmon[s m n]:¿¬¾î, corps[k : ] ¡æ corps[k : z]:±º´Ü(¡Þ¹ßÀ½¿¡ÁÖÀÇ)
        ¡Þfoot  "¹ß"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü      ¡æ feet.
                "º¸º´"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü    ¡æ foot.
          horse "¸»"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü     ¡æ horses.
                "±â¸¶º´"ÀÇ º¹¼öÇü ¡æ horse.
          fish°¡ ¹°°í±âÀÇ Á¾·ù    ¡æ fishes.
                 ´Ü¼øÇÏ°Ô ¹°°í±â ¸¶¸®¼ö ¡æ fish.
    6. ¿Ü·¡¾î º¹¼ö
    ¨ç -um, -onÀ¸·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº -a·Î...
       datum - data, memorandum - memoranda, medium - media:Áß°£,¸Å°³Ã¼.
       phenomenon - phenomena:Çö»ó,»ç°Ç.

    ¨è¾î¹Ì°¡ -us·Î ³¡³ª´Â ´Ü¾î´Â -i·Î...
       stimulus - stimuli:ÀÚ±Ø, focus - foci:ÃÐÁ¡. fungus - fungi:±Õ,¹ö¼¸
    ¨é¾î¹Ì°¡ -sis[sis]·Î ³¡³ª´Â ³¹¸»Àº -ses[siz]·Î...
        oasis[oueisis] ¡æ oases[oueisi:z], thesis[ i:sis] ¡ætheses[ i:siz]
        analysis ¡æ analyses           synthesis¡æsyntheses : Á¾ÇÕ
        crisis ¡æ crises : À§±â        basis ¡æ bases
        parenthesis[p ren isis] ¡æ parentheses[p ren isi:z]: °ýÈ£
    7. ÀÌÁß º¹¼ö
      * brother [br   ] +- brothers [br   rz] : ÇüÁ¦ÀÇ º¹¼ö
    +- brethren[bre rin] : µ¿Æ÷,Á¾±³»óÀÇ ÇüÁ¦
      * genius  [d i:ni s]+- geniuses[d i:ni siz]: õÀç
    +- genii   [d i:niai] : ¾Ç¸¶, ¼öÈ£½Å
      * penny   [peni] +- pennies[peniz]     : µ¿Àü °¹¼öÀÇ º¹¼ö
    +- pence  [pens]      : °¡°Ý, °ªÀÇ º¹¼ö
      * cloth   [kl : ] +- cloths[kl : s]     : ¿Ê°¨, õÀÇ Á¾·ù
    +- clothes[klou( )z]  : ÀǺ¹, ¿Ê
      * staff   [st f] +- staffs[st fs]      : Á÷¿ø, °£ºÎ
    +- staves[steivz]     : ÁöÆÎÀÌ, ¸·´ë±â
    8. º¹ÇÕ ¸í»çÀÇ º¹¼öÇü
    ¨çÁß¿äÇÑ ¸»À̳ª ¸í»ç¿¡ -s
       * looker-on  ¡æ lookers-on : ±¸°æ²Û (spectator)
         by-stander ¡æ by-standers      passer-by ¡æ passers-by
         commander-in-chief ¡æ commanders-in-chief : »ç·É°ü
         dropper-in ¡æ droppers-in : ¹æ¹®°´
         father-in-law ¡æ fathers-in-law : ÀåÀÎ, ½Ã¾Æ¹öÁö
         mother-in-law ¡æ mothers-in-law : Àå¸ð, ½Ã¾î¸Ó´Ï
         brother-in-law ¡æ brothers-in-law : ó³²
         son-in-law ¡æ sons-in-law : »çÀ§, ¾çÀÚ
         tooth-brush ¡æ tooth-brushes : Ä©¼Ö
         ¢¿ tooth--·Î µÈ º¹ÇÕ¾î´Â µÚ¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç¸¸ º¹¼ö·Î °íÄ£´Ù.
    ¨è¸í»ç ¶Ç´Â Áß¿äÇÑ ³¹¸»ÀÌ ¾ø´Â º¹ÇÕ¾î´Â ³¡¿¡ --s ¶Ç´Â --es
       * forget-me-not ¡æ forget-me-nots, have-not ¡æ have-nots
         go-between(Á߸ÅÀÎ) ¡æ go-betweens(¸Å°³ÀÚ)
         merry-go-round ¡æ merry-go-rounds : ȸÀü¸ñ¸¶.
         good-for-nothing ¡æ good-for-nothings : ¾µ¸ð¾ø´Â ÀÚ.
    9. »ó½Ãº¹¼ö
      ¨ç¦ ¶Ç´Â µÎ ºÎºÐÀÌ Çϳª¸¦ ÀÌ·ç´Â ÀÇ·ù ¹× µµ±¸ÀÇ ¸íĪ. (º¸Åë º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ)
        trousers, gloves, scissors, glasses, spectacles,
        tongs[ta z]:ºÎÁ£°¡¶ô, pants.

      ¨èº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ Çаú¸í ¡æ ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÀ» ÇÔ(´Ü¼öµ¿»ç)
        economics, politics, physics, mathematics, phonetics, ethics,
        statistics[st tistiks]: Åë°èÇСæ´Ü¼öÃë±Þ, Åë°è(Ç¥)¡æº¹¼öÃë±Þ.
      ¨é±âŸ »ó½Ãº¹¼ö·Î¼­ º¹¼ö Ãë±Þ
        goods, riches:Àç»ê, valuables:±ÍÁßÇ°, belongings,
        savings:Àú±Ý(savingÀº ±¸Á¶, Àý¾àÀÇ ¶æ)
      ¨ê»ó½Ãº¹¼ö·Î¼­ ´Ü¼ö Ãë±Þ
        news, means´Â ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö °¡´É.
    10. ºÐÈ­º¹¼ö
       * air       : °ø±â    -  airs      : °Ç¹æÁø ŵµ.
         advice    : Ãæ°í    - advices    : ÅëÄ¡.
         arm       : ÆÈ      - arms       : ¹«±â, Æȵé.
         manner    : ¹æ¹ý    - manners    : ¿¹Àý, ¹æ¹ýµé.
         ash[  ]   : Àç      - ashes       : À¯°ñ.
         custom    : ½À°ü    - customs    : °ü¼¼, ¼¼°ü, ½À°üµé.
         provision : Áغñ    - provisions : ½Ä·®.
         pain      : °íÅë    - pains      : ³ë·Â, ¼ö°í.
         color     : »ö      - colors     : ±â, »ö±òµé.
    11. »óÈ£º¹¼ö : µÎ°³ ÀÌ»óÀÇ °ÍÀÌ »óÈ£ÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÛ¿ëÇØ¾ß ÇÒ °æ¿ì¿¡´Â ¹Ýµå
        ½Ã º¹¼öÇüŸ¦ ÇؾßÇÑ´Ù.
       * shake hands with      : ¾Ç¼öÇÏ´Ù.
         change cars           : Â÷¸¦ °¥¾ÆŸ´Ù.
         exchange seats with   : ÀÚ¸®¸¦ ¹Ù²Ù´Ù.
         be friends with       : ¡­¿Í Ä£±¸»çÀÌ´Ù.
         take turns            : ¡­±³´ëÇÏ´Ù.
         make friends with     : ¡­¿Í Ä£±¸°¡ µÇ´Ù.
         exchange letters with : ÆíÁö¸¦ ±³È¯ÇÏ´Ù.
         be on good terms with : ¡­¿Í »çÀÌ°¡ ÁÁ´Ù.
    12. º¹¼ö¾î¹Ì »ý·« ¥°
    ¨çº¹¼öÇü ¸í»ç°¡ ¼ö»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿Í¼­ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À϶§ ´Ü¼öÇü.
        * He is two years old.
          ¡æ He has a three-year-old daughter.
      ¨è¼ö»ç + º¹¼ö¸í»ç°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²À϶© ´Ü¼ö »ç¿ë.
        * a ten-mile race : 10¸¶ÀÏÀÇ °æÁÖ.
          a six-line gun  : 6ÀÎÄ¡ÀÇ ´ëÆ÷.
          the three-power conference : 3´ë °­´ë±¹ ȸ´ã.
          two-horse carriage : ½ÖµÎ¸¶Â÷.

    13. º¹¼ö¾î¹Ì »ý·« ¥±
      ¨ç dozen, score, hundred, thousand, percent µîÀÌ ¼ö»ç ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿Ã¶§´Â
         º¹¼öÀÏÁö¶óµµ ¹Ýµå½Ã ´Ü¼öÇüÀ» ¾µ °Í.
        * one dozen   - three dozen.
          one hundred - five hundred.
        ¡Þscore : "µæÁ¡"ÀÇ ¶æµµ ÀÖÁö¸¸ 20ÀÇ â¦µµ ³ªÅ¸³¿.
          two score ¡æ 40.  three score and ten ¡æ 70.
      ¨è dozen, score, hundred, thousand, million µîÀÌ ¸·¿¬ÇÑ ¼ö¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾
         ¶© º¹¼öÇüÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
        * dozens of eggs    : ¿©·¯´Ù½ºÀÇ °è¶õ.
          Hundred of people : ¼ö¹é¸íÀÇ Çлýµé.
          scores of books   : ¼ö½Ê±ÇÀÇ Ã¥.
      ¨é pair, couple µîÀÌ Â¦À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö,º¹¼ö°¡´É. (head´Â Ç×»ó´Ü¼ö)
        two pair(s) of shoes     : ±¸µÎ µÎÄÓ·¹.
        four couple(s) of hounds : 4½ÖÀÇ »ç³É°³.
        five head of oxen        : ¼Ò 5¸¶¸®.
        ¡Þhead´Â Áü½ÂÀÇ ¸Ó¸®¼ö¸¦ ¼¿¶§ ¾²ÀÌ¸ç ¾Õ¿¡ º¹¼ö ¼ö»ç°¡ ¿Íµµ Ç×»ó ´Ü
          ¼öÇüÀ¸·Î ¾´´Ù.
    14. º¹¼öÇüÀÇ ³¹¸»À» ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
      ¨çÇаú¸í.
      ¨èº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ ±¹°¡¸í.
        * The Netherlands, The Philippines, The United States (of America)
          µîÀÇ ±¹°¡¸íÀº ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç The¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏ¸ç º¹¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù.
          ´Ü, ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ´Ü¼ö µ¿»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
      ¨é½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·®À» ÇϳªÀÇ ´ÜÀ§·Î Ãë±ÞÇÒ¶§¿¡´Â ´Ü¼ö Ãë±ÞÇÑ´Ù.
        * Thirty miles is a good distance.
      ¨êº¹¼öÇüÅÂÀÇ ¼­ÀûÀ̸§ : ÇüÅ´ º¹¼öÀ̳ª ´Ü¼ö Ãë±Þ.
      ¨ëºÎºÐÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸».

        half(¹Ý) ---+
        the rest(³ª¸ÓÁö) | of + ´Ü¼ö¸í»ç -+ ¡æ ´Ü¼öµ¿»ç.
        a lot(¸¹Àº) |      ¹°Áú¸í»ç |
        most(´ëºÎºÐ) |      Ãß»ó¸í»ç -+
        the majority(´ëºÎºÐ) | of + º¹¼ö¸í»ç    ¡æ º¹¼öµ¿»ç.
        lost(¸¹Àº) ---+
    15. àõ
      ¨çº°°³ÀÇ ³¹¸»À» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Â °æ¿ì
        *  husband : ³²Æí       - wife  : ¾Æ³».
        *  nephew  : Á¶Ä«       - niece[ni:s]: Á¶Ä«µþ.
        *  wizard  : ³²ÀÚ¸¶¹ý»ç - witch : ¸¶³à.
        *  monk    : ³²ÀÚ¼öµµ½Â - nun   : ¼ö³à.
        *  bull    : Ȳ¼Ò       - cow   : ¾Ï¼Ò.
        *  bachelor[b t  l ]:µ¶½Å³² - spinster : µ¶½Å³à.
      ¨è³²¼º¸í»çÀÇ ¾î¹Ì¿¡ -ess¸¦ ºÙÀÓ
        *  lion     : ¼ý»çÀÚ     - lioness  : ¾Ï»çÀÚ.
        *  heir[   ]: »ó¼ÓÀÎ(Ñû) - heiress  : »ó¼ÓÀÎ(åü).
        *  prince   : ȲÅÂÀÚ     - princess : °øÁÖ.
        *  host     : ³²ÀÚÁÖÀΠ  - hostess  : ¿©ÀÚÁÖÀÎ.
        *  emperor  : ȲÁ¦ - empress : ȲÈÄ.
        *  tiger - tigress,     God - Goddess,        actor - actress,
        *  negro - negroes,     waiter - waitress,    author - authoress
        *  master - mistress.
      ¨é±âŸ
        * he-goat : ¼ý¿°¼Ò ¡Á she-goat.      man-servant ¡Á maid-servant.
          bridegroom[braidgru:m]: ½Å¶û  ¡Á  bride[braid]: ½ÅºÎ.
          widower[widou ]: Ȧ¾Æºñ ¡Á widow[widou]: °úºÎ.
          hero[hi rou]: ¿µ¿õ ¡Á heroine[herouin]: ¿©ÀåºÎ, ¿©°É.
    16. Å뼺¸í»ç¿Í Áß¼º¸í»ç
      ¨çÅ뼺¸í»ç : parent, monarch, spouse(¹è¿ìÀÚ)
        µ¿¹°À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â Å뼺¸í»çÀÇ ´ë¸í»ç´Â it·Î ¹ÞÁö¸¸ »çÀÚ, °³¿Í °°ÀÌ »ç
        ³ª¿î µ¿¹°Àº ³²¼º Ãë±ÞÀ» Çϸç he·Î ¹Þ°í, °í¾çÀÌ, ¾Þ¹«»õ µî°ú °°ÀÌ
        ¾àÇÑ µ¿¹°Àº ¿©¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© she·Î  child, baby µîÀº it·Î ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
      ¨èÁß¼º¸í»ç(¹«»ý¹°)ÀÇ ÀÇÀÎÈ­
        * °­ÇÏ°í, ¸Í·ÄÇÏ°í, À§´ëÇÑ °Í. :³²¼º¸í»ç (sun, war...)
        * ¾Æ¸§´ä°í ¿ì¾ÆÇÏ°í °¡·ÃÇÑ °Í. :¿©¼º¸í»ç (moon, peace...)
        ¡Þ±¹°¡¸íÀº °æÁ¦¡¤»çȸ¡¤¹®È­Àû Ãø¸éÀº ¿©¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© she·Î, ±¹Å䳪
          Áö¸®Àû Ãø¸éÀº Áß¼º Ãë±ÞÇÏ¿© it·Î ¹Þ´Â´Ù.
          * England is justly proud her poets. (±¹°¡, ¿©¼º)
          * America is rich in its natural resources. (±¹Åä, Áß¼º)
    17. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ Çü¼º
      ¨ç»ç¶÷À̳ª µ¿¹°ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î 's¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
        * A man's stick.  The cat's ear.
      ¨è¹«»ý¹°ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº [of + ¸í»ç]ÀÇ ÇüÅ·Πǥ½ÃÇÑ´Ù.
        * The legs of the table.
      ¨é -s·Î ³¡³ª´Â º¹¼ö¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº '(apostrophe)¸¸ ºÙÀδÙ.
        * girls'.  rings.
      ¨ê°íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â ¾î¹Ì°¡ -s·Î ³¡³ª´õ¶óµµ 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
        * Charles's hat.  Jones's Dictionary.
        ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: °í´ë Èñ¶øÀÎ, ±×¸®°í Jesus, Moses, Socrates, ColumbusµîÀÇ
          °íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â -s·Î ³¡³¯Áö¶óµµ 's¸¸ ºÙ¿©¼­ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀ» ¸¸µë.

      ¨ëº¹ÇÕ¸í»ç³ª ÇϳªÀÇ ¾î±ºÀ» ÀÌ·ç´Â ¸»ÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀº ¸¶Áö¸·¿¡ 's¸¦ ºÙÀÓ.
        * father-in-law  : ÀåÀÎ(º¹ÇÕ¸í»ç).    fathers-in-law : ÀåÀεé.
          father-in-law's hat  : ÀåÀÎÀÇ ¸ðÀÚ
          fathers-in-law's hat : ÀåÀεéÀÇ ¸ðÀÚµé.
      ¨ìµ¿°Ý¸í»çÀÇ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý: ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î µÚ¿¡ ÀÖ´Â µ¿°Ý¸í»ç¿¡ 's¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
        * my friend John's wife.
      ¨í°¢ÀÚ¼ÒÀ¯¿Í °øµ¿¼ÒÀ¯
        * Tom's and Frank's books : º°°³ÀÇ Ã¥.
        * Tom and Frank's books   : Tom°ú Frank°¡ °øÀ¯Çϴ å.
    18. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ ÀǹÌ
      ¨ç¼ÒÀ¯ÀÚ Ç¥½Ã: Tom's book.
      ¨èÀúÀÚ, ¹ß¸íÀÚ Ç¥½Ã: Shakespeare's Macbeth.
      ¨é»ç¿ë¸ñÀû¡¤´ë»ó Ç¥½Ã: a girl's high school.
      ¨êÁÖ°Ý °ü°è(ÇàÀ§ÀÇ ÁÖü) Ç¥½Ã.
        * My daughter's death: ³» µþÀÇ Á×À½(£½ My daughter died. ÁÖ°Ý)
        * Mother's love of children.
        * John's success.
      ¨ë¸ñÀû°Ý °ü°è(ÇàÀ§¸¦ ¹Þ´Â °Í) Ç¥½Ã.
        * My daughter's education: ³» µþÀÇ ±³À°. (¸ñÀû°Ý °ü°è)
                                  (£½Someone educates my daughter)
        * Caesar's murderers = those who murdered Caesar.
        * Shakespeare's admirers = those who admire Shakespeare.
    19. ¼ÒÀ¯°ÝÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
      ¨ç »ç¶÷ ¶Ç´Â µ¿¹°¿¡ ÇÑÇؼ­´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î 's¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
      ¨è¹«»ý¹°ÀÌ ÀÇÀÎÈ­ µÈ °æ¿ì.
        * Fortune's smile: ¿î¸íÀÇ ¹Ì¼Ò.
        * Nature's works : ÀÚ¿¬ÀÇ ÀÛÇ°.
      ¨é½Ã°£, °Å¸®, °¡°Ý, Áß·®À» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸í»ç.
        *  today's paper: ¿À´Ã ½Å¹®.       tomorrow's lesson: ³»ÀÏ ¼ö¾÷.
        *  a day's journey    : ÀÏÀÏ°£ÀÇ ¿©Çà.
        *  five minutes's walk: µµº¸·Î 5ºÐ°Å¸®.
        *  ten miles' distance: 10¸¶ÀÏÀÇ °Å¸®.
        *  a pound's weight: 1ÆÄ¿îµåÀÇ ¹«°Ô.     ten pound's weight.
        *  a dollar's worth of sugar.
      ¨ê µ¶¸³ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý
         ¨±¼ÒÀ¯°Ý('s) ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â house, shop, office, store, place µîÀÇ
           °ø°ø °Ç¹°, »óÁ¡, Áý µîÀº »ý·«ÇÑ´Ù.
           * My uncle's (house)
         ¨²°°Àº ¸í»ç°¡ µÇÇ®ÀÌ µÉ¶§ ¹Ýº¹À» ÇÇÇϱâ À§Çؼ­ ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â
           ¸í»ç´Â »ý·«ÇÔ.
           * This book is my brother's (book)
      ¨ë ÀÌÁß¼ÒÀ¯°Ý: a, an, this, these, that, these, some, any, no,
         which, what, such, each, every µîÀº ¼ÒÀ¯°Ý°ú ÇÔ²² ³ª¶õÈ÷ ¾µ ¼ö ¾ø
         °í, Áï a, an, this¡¦ + ¸í»ç + of + ¼ÒÀ¯´ë¸í»çÀÇ ÇüÅ·Π½á¾ßÇÑ´Ù.
         * this my father's camera.    ( X )
         * this camera of my father's. ( O )
      ¨ì °ü¿ëÀû Ç¥Çö.
        *  for mercy's sake: Á¦¹ß.  for conscience' sake: ¾ç½É»ó.
        *  at once wits'(wit's) end: ¾îÂîÇÒ¹Ù¸¦ ¸ô¶ó.
    22. Cannot ¡­ without
        * I  cannot  see this picture but I am reminded of him.
             never
          £½ I cannot see this picture without being reminded of him.
          £½ Wherever  I see this picture, I am reminded of him.
             Everytime
          £½ This picture always puts me in mind of him.
          £½ This picture always reminds me of him.
    23. Á¢µÎ¾î
      ¨çÁ¢µÎ¾î in-, im-, -inter, intro-´Â ¸ðµÎ ¾È(Ò®)ÀÇ ¶æ.
      ¨è ex-, e-, out- ´Â ¹ÛÀÇ ¶æÀ» ³ªÅ¸³½´Ù.


    ή Þò (Article)

    1. ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç: ÀÚÀ½ ¾Õ a, ¸ðÀ½ ¾Õ an.
    2. ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a, anÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
      ¨ç one(Çϳª)À» ¶æÇÒ ¶§.
        * We shall stay here a day or two. (ÇϷ糪 ÀÌƲ)
        * They resigned their posts in a body. (ÀÏ°ýÀûÀ¸·Î)
      ¨è´ëÇ¥´Ü¼ö.
        * A dog is a faithful animal.
      ¨é A certain(¾î¶²)ÀÇ ¶æ.
        * A Mr. John came to see you .
        ¡ÞIn a sense, It is true: ¾î¶² Àǹ̷δ ¡­
      ¨ê The same(°°Àº)ÀÇ ¶æ.
        * Birds of a feather flock together.
        * We are of an age. (µ¿°©ÀÌ´Ù)
                 of a mind. (¸¶À½ÀÌ °°´Ù)
                 of a humor.(¼ºÁúÀÌ °°´Ù)
      ¨ë per(¸¶´Ù)ÀÇ ¶æ.
        * I write to her once a day. (ÇÏ·ç¿¡ Çѹø¾¿)
      ¨ì some(¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ, ¾à°£)ÀÇ ¶æ.
        * He was speechless for a time. (Çѵ¿¾È, ¾ó¸¶µ¿¾È).
        * He is industrious to a degree. (¾î´ÀÁ¤µµ)
    3. Á¤°ü»ç TheÀÇ ¿ë¹ý
      ¨ç¾Õ¿¡ ³ª¿Â ¸í»ç°¡ ¹Ýº¹µÉ ¶§.
        * I met a boy, and the boy showed me the way.
      ¨è¼ö½Ä¾î±¸(Çü¿ë»ç±¸, Çü¿ë»çÀý)¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§.
        ¡Þ¹°Áú¡¤Ã߻󡤰íÀ¯¸í»ç´Â ¿øÄ¢ÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÒ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª ¼ö½Ä
          ¾î±¸·Î ÇÑÁ¤, Á¦ÇÑÀÌ µÇ¸é Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
          * Water is changed into steam by heat.
          * The water of this well is not good to drink. (ÀÌ ¿ì¹°ÀÇ ¹°)
      ¨é¹®¸Æ»ó ÀüÈÄ°ü°è¸¦ ´©±¸³ª ¾Ë ¼ö ÀÖ´Â °æ¿ì.
        * The post office is near the station.
      ¨ê½Ã°£, ¼ö·®ÀÇ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
        * Sugar is sold by the pound.
        ¡Þ¹°°ÇÀ» »ç°í ÆÈ ¶§ ´ÜÀ§¸¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ýÀº [by the + ´ÜÀ§]¿Í °°ÀÌ
          ¹Ýµå½Ã Á¤°ü»ç the »ç¿ë.
          * She rented the apartment by the month.
          * They hired a man by the day. (ÀÏ´çÀ¸·Î, ÇÏ·ç´ÜÀ§·Î).

      ¨ëÁ¾Á·´ëÇ¥.
        * The dog is a faithful animal.
      ¨ì½Åü ÀϺθ¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÒ ¶§.
        * He caught me by the hand.
      ¨íÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î À¯ÀϹ«ÀÌÇÑ °Í¿¡ »ç¿ë.
        * The sun is much larger than the moon.
        * I wish to make a journey round the world.
        * We are living in a busy world.
        * English is a world language now.
        ¡Þ World ¾Õ¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç busy°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§, world°¡ Çü¿ë»çÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§
           ¿¡´Â the ´ë½Å "a"¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÔ.
      ¨îÃÖ»ó±Þ, ¼­¼ö(first, second ¡¦), any, last, same ¾Õ¿¡¼­ »ç¿ë.
        * Seoul is the largest city in korea.
        * Egypt was the first country to become civilized.
        * February is the second month of the year.
        * You will need a second pair of shoes.
        ¡Þsecond°¡ "µÎ¹ø°"ÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¼ø¼­¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶© a second¸¦ »ç¿ë.
      ¨ï±â°è, ¹ß¸íÇ°, ¾Ç±â¸í.
        * The steam-engine was invented by J.watt.
        * Does the lady play the piano well?
      ¨ð°ü¿ë¾î±¸¿¡¼­
        * in the morning.  in the evening.  in the sun(ÇÞºµ¿¡¼­).
        * in the dark(¾îµÎ¿î °÷¿¡¼­).
    4. ½ÅüÀϺθ¦ Ç¥½ÃÇÏ´Â ¹æ¹ý
      ¨ç catchÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç.
        S + V + »ç¶÷ + by the ½ÅüÀϺκÐ.
        catch, seize, take, hold, grasp µîÀÇ µ¿»ç´Â ÀüÄ¡»ç by¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
        * He caught me by the neck.
      ¨èstrike(Ä¡´Ù)ÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç
        S + V + »ç¶÷ + on the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ.
        Ä¡´Ù, ¶§¸®´Ù ¶æÀÎ strike, hit, pat, tap, touch, kiss µîÀÇ µ¿»ç.
        on the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ.
        * He struck me on the ear.
             hit       on the head.
      ¨é look(º¸´Ù)ÇüÀÇ µ¿»ç.
        S + V + »ç¶÷ + in the + ½ÅüÀϺÎ.
        * I looked him in the eye.
            gazed      in the face.
            stared

      ¨ê±âŸ.
        * He was short through the head.
        * He embraced his mother round the neck.
        * He chucked me under the chin.
        ¡ÞºÙÀâ´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â by,
          Ä¡´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â   on,
          º¸´ÙÀÇ ¶æÀÎ µ¿»ç´Â   inÀÌ ÁÖ·Î »ç¿ëµÊ.
    5. °íÀ¯¸í»ç¿Í Á¤°ü»ç.
      ¨ç°­, ¹Ù´Ù, ¼±¹Ú, ÇØÇù µîÀÇ À̸§.
        * The Thames.  The Han River.
      ¨è¹Ýµµ, ±ºµµ, »ê¸ÆÀÇ À̸§.
        * The Korean peninsula[p ninsjul ]: Çѹݵµ.
      ¨é¾î¶² ³ª¶óÀÇ À̸§À̳ª Áö¸í, ±¹¸íÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¹«°ü»çÀÌÁö¸¸ º¹¼ö³ª
        'of ÇÑÁ¤±¸'°¡ ºÙÀ¸¸é the¸¦ ¾´´Ù.
        * The United States of America.  The Netherlands.
        ¡Þ¾ð¾î¸¦ ¸»ÇÒ ¶© English, Koreaó·³ °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ language¸¦
          ÇÔ²² ¾²¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
      ¨ê°ü°ø¼­, °ø°ø°Ç¹°À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
        * The State Department: ¹Ì±¹¹«¼º.
        ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: ¿ª, Ç×±¸, È£¼ö, ´Ù¸®, °øÇ×, °ø¿ø¿¡´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î the¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
          * Seoul Station.  Pagoda Park. Pusan Harbor. Kimpo airport.
      ¨ëöµµ, ¿­Â÷, Ç×°ø±â, ¹è, ½Å¹®, ÀâÁö, ÇÐȸÀÇ À̸§ ¾Õ¿¡.
        * The Pullman(Ç®¸¸È£:öµµÀ̸§).
        * the Queen Mary. the Royal Academy.(¿µ±¹¹Ì¼ú¿ø)
      ¨ìÀÎ¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ¼ºÁú Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿Ã ¶§.
        * The ambitious Caesar: ¾ß¸Á¿¡ Âù ½ÃÀÌÀú.
        ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: honest, old, young, poor, little µîÀÇ ÀÏ»ó»ýÈ°¿¡¼­ ÈçÈ÷ ¾²
          ÀÌ´Â Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ÀÎ¸í ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾ÊÀ½.
      ¨í°íÀ¯¸í»ç°¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÉ ¶§. (±¹¾î À̸§°ú ƯÁ¤ÇÑ ¸»À» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§)
        * London is the capital of English.
        * The London of the 19th.: 19¼¼±âÀÇ ·±´ø.
        * What is the German for the English "flower"?
    6. °ü»çÀÇ À§Ä¡
      * so, as, too, how, however  + Çü¿ë»ç + ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç + ¸í»ç.
        * Such a work cannot be done in so short a time.
        * He is as kind a boy as you are.

      * such, half, rather, many, quite, what, whatever  + ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç + Çü¿ë»ç + ¸í»ç.
        * She is quite a good painter.
        * He is rather an old man.
      * all, double, both + Á¤°ü»ç + ¸í»ç.
        * All the boys were present.
        * I paid double the price for it.
    7. °ü»çÀÇ »ý·«
      ¨çÈ£°Ý, °¡Á·°ü°è¸¦ ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
        * Water, two cups of coffee.
        * Father, may I go out?      * Father is looking for you, John.
      ¨è½Ä»ç, Áúº´, ¿îµ¿, °èÀý, ÇаúÀÇ À̸§.
        * They were having breakfast when I arrived.  Because I have a
          heavy breakfast.  I have no appetite.  The breakfast I had this
          morning was too light.
        ¡Þ½Ä»ç¸í ¾Õ¿¡ Çü¿ë»ç°¡ ¿Ã ¶§ ½Ä»ç¸íÀÌ Çü¿ë»ç±¸³ª Àý·Î ÇÑÁ¤ÀÌ µÉ ¶§
          ¿¡´Â °ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
          * He is suffering from fever.
                                 cancer.
                                 consumption.(Æó°áÇÙ)
          * I have a headache.    (µÎÅë)
                   a toothache.   (Ä¡Åë)
                   a stomachache. (º¹Åë)
            ¡Þ ache°¡ µé¾î°¡´Â °¡º­¿î º´¸í ¾Õ¿¡´Â ºÎÁ¤°ü»ç a¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
        * They are playing tennis.
          ¡Þ¿îµ¿¸íÀº °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö¸¸ ¾Ç±â¸íÀº the¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
        * He majors in English literature.
        * I major in the English literature of the 20th.
          ¡ÞÇü¿ë»ç±¸(of-)·Î ¼ö½ÄµÇ´Â °æ¿ì¿¡´Â the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
      ¨é°üÁ÷, Īȣ, ½ÅºÐ + °íÀ¯¸í»çÀÏ ¶§.
        * Professor Lee: ÀÌ ±³¼ö.
        ¡ÞĪȣ, ½ÅºÐ, °üÁ÷ÀÌ ¾Æ´Ñ ¸í»ç°¡ °íÀ¯¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Ã ¶§, ±×¸®°í
          Emperor, Empress, Zar´Â ¿¹¿ÜÀûÀ¸·Î Á¤°ü»ç the¸¦ »ç¿ë.
          * The widow Smith: °úºÎ ½º¹Ì½º.
          * The Emperor Napoleon: ³ªÆú·¹¿Ë ȲÁ¦.
      ¨ê°üÁ÷, ½ÅºÐ, Ç÷ÅëÀ» ³ªÅ¸³»´Â ¸»ÀÌ Áְݺ¸¾î, ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
        Mr. Lee was appointed principal of our school.(Áְݺ¸¾î)
      ¨ë a kind of ¡­ , a sort of ¡­  ´ÙÀ½¿¡ ¿À´Â ¸í»ç ¾Õ¿¡´Â ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î
        °ü»ç¸¦ ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
        * He is a kind of gentleman.

      ¨ì¦À» ÀÌ·ç´Â µÎ°³ÀÇ ¸í»ç°¡ ÀüÄ¡»ç ȤÀº Á¢¼Ó»ç·Î ¹ÐÁ¢ÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°áµÉ ¶§.
        * We are man and wife before heaven.
        * Rich and poor celebrate New year's day.
          ¡Þ the rich and the poor´Â [the + Çü¿ë»ç]·Î¼­ º¹¼öº¸Åë¸í»çÀ̳ª
             and·Î ¿¬°áµÇ¾î the°¡ »ý·«µÊ.
        * father and son.  body and soul.  arm in arm(ÆȯÀ» ³¢°í).
          side by side(³ª¶õÈ÷)
      ¨í°ø°ø°Ç¹°ÀÌ º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
        * I am going to the school to see him.
        * School begins at 9 O'clock
          ¡ÞschoolÀÌ º»·¡ÀÇ ¸ñÀûÀÎ °øºÎ, ¼ö¾÷µîÀÇ ¶æÀÏ ¶© °ü»ç¾øÀÌ »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
        * in school: ÀçÇÐÁß                 * go to church: ¿¹¹èº¸·¯ °¡´Ù.
        * go to hospital: ÀÔ¿øÇÏ´Ù.         * go to prison: ¡¿ª»ìÀÌ ÇÏ´Ù.
        * at church: ¿¹¹è Áß.               * go to sea: ¼±¿øÀÌ µÇ´Ù.
        * go to bed: ÀáÀÚ¸®¿¡ µé´Ù.         * at table: ½Ä»ç Áß.
        * at sea: Ç×ÇØ Áß.
      ¨î±³Åë, Åë½Å¼ö´ÜÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§.
        * I came here by steamer.
                      by train. (£½in a train)
                      by car.   (£½in a car)
        * I informed him by telephone.
          ¡Þ±³Åë¼ö´ÜÀ̳ª Åë½Å¼ö´ÜÀ» ³ªÅ¸³¾ ¶§¿¡´Â [by + ±³Åë(Åë½Å)¼ö´Ü]ÀÇ
            ÇüÅÂÀ̸ç, by ´ÙÀ½¿¡ °ü»ç¸¦ »ç¿ëÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù.
      ¨ï man ÀÌÀΰ£, ³²¼ºÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î womanÀÌ ¿©¼ºÀÇ ¶æÀ¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
        * Man is stronger than woman.
      ¨ð°ü¿ë¾î±¸·Î ¾²ÀÏ ¶§.
        ¨ÍÀüÄ¡»ç + ¸í»ç.
          * in the morning.  * at noon       : Á¤¿À¿¡.
          * in the afternoon.              * at night      : ¹ã¿¡.
          * in the evening.               * at midnight   : ÇѹãÁß¿¡.
          * in the daytime.               * at hand       : °¡±îÀÌ¿¡, ¼Õ´ê´Â °÷¿¡.
          * at dawn[d :n] : »õº®¿¡.       * in town       : µµÈ¸Áö¿¡¼­.
          * at daybreak   : »õº®¿¡.       * in the country: ½Ã°ñ¿¡¼­.
          
          

        ¨Îµ¿»ç + ¸í»ç.
          * take place    : ÀϾ´Ù, ¹ß»ýÇÏ´Ù.     * lose sight of : ½Ã¾ß¿¡¼­ ³õÄ¡´Ù.
          * take the place of ¡­ : ¡­À» ´ë½ÅÇÏ´Ù.   * keep house    : »ì¸²À» ÇÏ´Ù.
          * take part in  : ¡­¿¡ Âü°¡ÇÏ´Ù.          * take hold of  : Àâ´Ù, Áã´Ù.
          * take cold     : °¨±âµé´Ù.
          
    8. °ü»çÀÇ »ý·«°ú ¹Ýº¹
        * A poet and statesman is dead. (°ü»ç»ý·«; µ¿ÀÏÀÎ 1¸í)
        * A poet and a statesman are dead. (°ü»çÀÖÀ½; 2¸í)
         ¡Þ¿¹¿Ü: ºÒ°¡ºÐÀÇ °ü°è°¡ ÀÖÀ» ¶§´Â µÎ»ç¶÷ÀÌ¶óµµ and ´ÙÀ½¿¡ °ü»ç¸¦
           ºÙÀÌÁö ¾Ê°í ù ¸í»ç¿¡¸¸ °ü»ç¸¦ ºÙÀδÙ.
           * The king and Queen.  a doctor and nurse.  a cup and saucer.
             a watch and chain.  a knife and fork.  a needle and thread.
    9. Ư¼öÇÑ Çü¿ë»ç
      ¨ç father
         * fatherly: ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ, ¾Æ¹öÁö °°Àº.      * paternal[p t :n l]: ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ, ºÎ°èÀÇ.
         * paternal care : ¾Æ¹öÁöÀÇ º¸»ìÇË.     * fatherly love  : ºÎ¼º¾Ö.
      ¨è mother
       * motherly: ¾î¸Ó´Ï´Ù¿î.    * maternal[m d :n l]: ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÇ.  * maternal instincts: ¸ð¼ºº»´É.
      ¨é sun
         * solar: žçÀÇ.   * sunny: ÇÞºµÀÌ Àßµå´Â, ¾çÁö¹Ù¸¥.
      ¨ê moon
         * lunar[lu:n ]: ´ÞÀÇ.
      ¨ë sea
         * marine[m ri:n]: ¹Ù´ÙÀÇ, ¼±¹ÚÀÇ, ÇرºÀÇ.
      ¨ì see
         * visible: º¸ÀÌ´Â, º¼ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.   ¡Á invisible: º¸ÀÌÁö ¾Ê´Â.
      ¨í hear
         * audible: µé¸®´Â, ûÃëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.   ¡Á inaudible: µé¸®Áö ¾Ê´Â.
      ¨î eat
         * eatable[i:t bl]: ¸ÔÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.    * edible[edibl]: ¸Ô±â¿¡ ÁÁÀº, µ¶¼ºÀÌ ¾ø´Â.
      ¨ï carry
         * portable: ÈÞ´ëÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Â, À̵¿ °¡´ÉÇÑ.
      ¨ð town
         * urban[ : b n]: µµ½ÃÀÇ. µµ½Ã¿¡ ÀÖ´Â.   ¡Á country ¡æ rural[ru r l]: ½Ã°ñÀÇ.
      ¨ð read
         * readable: Àб⠽¬¿î. ÀÐÀ» ¼ö ÀÖ´Â.    * legible : Àϱ⠽¬¿î.
    10. Á¦°Å¡¤¹ÚÅ»µ¿»ç
        rob + ´ë»óÀÚ + of + ¹°°Ç.
        deprive A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼­ B¸¦ °­Å»ÇÏ´Ù.
        ¡ÞÂü°í: He stole my watch from me.
                £½ I had my watch stolen. (have + ¹°°Ç + p¡¤p)
                £½ My watch was stolen.
                   (¹°°ÇÀÌ ÁÖ¾îÀÎ °æ¿ì be stolenÀ»»ç¿ë)
        ¡Þ be stolenÀÇ ÁÖ¾î´Â µµµÏ´çÇÑ ±× ¹°°Ç ÀÚüÀ̸ç, be robbed of ¡­ ÀÇ
           ÁÖ¾î´Â »ç¶÷ÀÌ´Ù.
           * strip   A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼­ B¸¦ ¹þ±â´Ù, ¸ô¼öÇÏ´Ù.
           * clear   A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼­ B¸¦ Ä¡¿ì´Ù, Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù.
           * cure    A of B: A¿¡°Ô¼­ B¸¦ Ä¡·áÇÏ´Ù, Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù.
           * relieve A of B: A·ÎºÎÅÍ B¸¦ Á¦°ÅÇÏ´Ù, ÈÉÄ¡´Ù.
    11. Not ¡­ till (until)
        * I did not know the fact, till(until) the next morning.
          = It was not till the next morning that I knew the fact.
          = Not till the next morning did I know the fact.
          = Only after the next morning did I know the fact.
        * not A till B: BÇÏ°í ³ª¼­¾ß ºñ·Î¼Ò AÇÏ´Ù.
        ¡Þ nott till the next morningÀ» ¹®µÎ·Î µµÄ¡½ÃÅ°¸é ¹Ýµå½Ã
           Á¶µ¿»ç + ÁÖ¾î + º»µ¿»çÀÇ ÇüÅ·ΠÇؾßÇÑ´Ù.
    12. cannot but + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç
        * I cannot but laugh.
          = I cannot choose but laugh. (cannot choose but + ¿øÇüµ¿»ç)
          = I cannot help  laughing.   (cannot help  + ¡­ing)
                     avoid                     avoid
          = I cannot keep from laughing.(cannot keep from + ¡­ing)
          = I have no choice but to laugh.
          = I have no alternative but laugh.
          = Nothing remains but to laugh.
          = There is nothing for it but to laugh.
          = How can I help laughing?

       Çü¿ë»ç(Adjective) ¥°

    1. ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý: Çü¿ë»ç°¡ Á÷Á¢ ¸í»ç ¾Õ ¶Ç´Â µÚ¿¡¼­ ¼ö½ÄÇÏ´Â ¿ë¹ý.
        * I found an empty box.
        * He was awake all the night. (2Çü½Ä)
        * I found the cage empty.(¼­¼ú¿ë¹ý; 5Çü½Ä)
        * I found the empty cage. (ÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý)
          ¡ÞÇü¿ë»ç°¡ Áְݺ¸¾î³ª ¸ñÀû°Ýº¸¾î·Î ¾²ÀÌ´Â °æ¿ì¸¦ Çü¿ë»çÀÇ ¼­¼úÀû ¿ë¹ýÀ̶ó ÇÑ´Ù.
        ¡ÞÇÑÁ¤¿ë¹ý¿¡¸¸ ¾²ÀÌ´Â Çü¿ë»ç
          * an inner pocket  : ¾ÈÁÖ¸Ó´Ï.  * a woolen goods   : ¸ðÁ÷¹°.
          * the outer world  : ¿ÜºÎ¼¼°è.          * a woolen box     : ³ª¹«»óÀÚ.
          * the former case  : ÀüÀÚÀÇ °æ¿ì.       * a golden saying  : ±Ý¾ð.
          * the upper lip    : À­ÀÔ¼ú.             * a lone traveller : ¿Ü·Î¿î ³ª±×³×.
          * drunken, elder, former, latter, only, inner, outer,

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